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    A model to assess cloud enterprise resource planning adoption in small and medium-sized enterprises : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Information Systems, School of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand. EMBARGOED until 31 July 2027.
    (Massey University, 2025-07-28) Tongsuksai, Sunchai
    In the current digital era, cloud enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems have evolved taking precedence over the on-premise ERP due to the convenience of software deployment and operation managed by third parties or cloud service providers (CSPs). This is specifically helpful to small and medium enterprises (SMEs), who usually are limited in resources. The cloud ERP is an innovative technology, and its application can play a crucial role for SMEs to compete in the global market. There is a lack of research that looks at the benefits, characteristics, critical success factors (CSFs), and challenges of cloud ERP adoption in SMEs, specifically in the New Zealand (NZ) context. Thus, the objectives of this study are (1) to identify the benefits of adopting cloud ERP systems in New Zealand SMEs, (2) to examine the influential characteristics for the adoption decision of these systems, and (3) to evaluate the CSFs and the challenges that impact their adoption in SMEs. This study develops and uses a conceptual model, which combines technology, organisation, and environment (TOE) and unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) frameworks, to examine the influential characteristics of the technological, organisational, environmental and individual dimensions for cloud ERP adoption in NZ SMEs. A qualitative research design is deployed which is conducted in two phases in this study. In the initial preliminary study phase, semi-structured interviews are conducted with ERP vendors, who are experts and critical players in cloud ERP deployment, to gather in-depth knowledge on the current practices of cloud ERP adoption in NZ SMEs. In the second main study phase, two SMEs from NZ are interviewed to collect data from practitioners and company managers who are involved in the adoption of cloud ERP in their companies. The data collected from these case studies are evaluated through cross-case analyses and compared with the preliminary study findings and extant literature to arrive at the study results. A revised and extended empirical model is developed based on the study findings. The findings of this study highlight the benefits of adopting cloud ERP systems in New Zealand SMEs. The key benefits include cost reduction, system and data accessibility, scalability, and effortless integration with other applications. This study further highlights the characteristics that influence cloud ERP adoption decisions in NZ SMEs, as well as identifies novel characteristics that affect this adoption decision, such as system quality (technological dimension), organisational culture (organisational dimension), government funding support (environmental dimension) and personal innovation (individual dimension). Furthermore, the CSFs and challenges associated with adopting cloud ERP systems in NZ SMEs are discussed. The key CSFs include education and training for users, having knowledge of cloud ERP, and clear understanding requirements of cloud ERP adoption. The key challenges include lack of awareness and knowledge, incorrect migration process, and ineffective project management. These insights enhance the understanding of academics and practitioners regarding the benefits, characteristics, CSFs, and challenges of adopting these systems in SMEs.
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    Green banking : an exploration from the perspectives of banks, and retail bank customers : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Banking at Massey University, Manawatu Campus, School of Economics and Finance, New Zealand. EMBARGOED UNTIL JULY 2027.
    (Massey University, 2024-11-11) Kalu Kapuge Dona, Lilani Randika Kapuge
    This study explores green banking adoption from the perspectives of banks, and retail bank customers. Our aim is to contribute to banks’ adoption of green banking. This is achieved by examining banks’ green practices and proposing a constructivist framework for banks to transform from conventional banking into green banking. As banks are driven by a profit motive, if banks’ environmental performance positively connects with attaining their profitability objectives, there may be a motivation to apply green banking practices. In Essay One, we examine the impact of banks’ green performance and disclosures on their financial, market, and risk performance. We employ Bloomberg’s environmental disclosure scores and Refinitiv’s environmental performance scores as proxies to measure banks’ green performance and disclosures. As an addition to ESG literature, we use Yale’s Environmental Performance Index (EPI) to examine the extent to which the home country’s environmental performance moderates the links between the impact of banks’ environmental performance and disclosures on their financial, market and risk performance. Data was drawn from 189 of the world’s largest banks for the period 2009 to 2019, and the analysis incorporates two-step system GMM models. To check the robustness of our results, we removed banks that are major financiers of fossil fuels and EU banks from the main sample. We find no evidence to support Bloomberg’s environmental disclosure scores or Refinitiv’s environmental performance scores impacting banks’ financial, market and risk performance. In addition, EPI does not moderate the links between the impact of banks’ environmental performance and disclosures on their financial, market and risk performance. The findings confirm that environmental performance and environmental disclosures do not matter to big banking players’ prosperity. Overall, this study establishes the need for a commonly agreed banking-industry-oriented environmental rating scale to measure banks’ green performance correctly to avoid misleading green-conscious stakeholders and identify banks’ true green efforts. In Essay Two, in response to the absence of an agreed or standard performance measurement mechanism for green banking, we develop a green banking scorecard (GBS) from a new perspective. First, we use the updated version of the Planetary Boundaries Theory (PBT) to broaden the green banking measurement scale. Second, we employ a Fossil Fuel Index (FI) to assess banks’ true commitments towards green banking, because banks are often criticised as major financiers of fossil fuels. Third, as a new addition to banks’ green performance measurement, we use Yale’s Environmental Performance Index (EPI) which brings international differences in measuring banks’ green performance into a common platform. We apply the GBS to 37 of the world's largest banks to measure their green performance. We find that European banks achieve higher green banking scores compared to Asian and American banks. In Essay Three, following Stakeholders' Theory, stakeholders’ positive behavioural change towards green banking is essential for banks to adopt green banking. Employing Behavioural Response Theory (BRT), we examined retail bank customers’ intention to adopt green banking in New Zealand using 254 online survey responses. To extend this study, we examine whether retail bank customers’ environmental knowledge moderates the association between attitude towards green banking and intention to adopt green banking. The study finds retail bank customers prefer green banking although some of them do not yet intend to adopt green banking. The findings confirm that environmental knowledge has a weak negative moderating effect on the association between attitude towards green banking and intention to adopt green banking. The responses from this study indicate there are specific factors that affect and limit retail bank customers’ intentions to adopt green banking. In summary, this study concludes environmental disclosure scores, or environmental performance scores do not impact banks’ financial, market and risk performance. We proposed a green banking scorecard (GBS) from a new perspective to measure banks’ green performance and we find that European banks achieve higher green banking scores compared to Asian and American banks. Finally, the study finds retail bank customers also prefer green banking and intend to adopt green banking.
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    Resistance, healing and empowerment through autobiographical therapeutic performance–– 愛，媽媽 (Love, Mum) : a solo matrilineal memoir and autoethnographic inquiry on Chinese womanhood and ‘The good woman’ ideal : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Creative Writing at Massey University, New Zealand. EMBARGOED until 30 July 2027.
    (Massey University, 2024) Lam, Cynthia Hiu Ying
    My research is an autoethnographic inquiry that employs creative and critical methodologies to examine the question: How does the process of writing and performing one’s life experiences and trauma act as a form of resistance to the dominant ‘good woman’ narrative, leading to personal healing, empowerment and transformation? Through the creation of my one-woman show, 愛，媽媽 (Love, Mum), a matrilineal memoir about three generations of Chinese women, I investigate how the creative process involving the writing, rehearsing and performance of my play can become a form of resistance and counter-storying against the dominant ‘good woman’ narrative, leading to personal healing and empowerment. I begin by discussing the historical context of the virtuous Chinese woman, and present research by scholars who demonstrate that depression in women contains a gendered lens, resulting from the socio-cultural pressures of living up to the ‘good woman’ ideal. My analysis uses the methodological framework of autobiographical/autoethnographic therapeutic performance (ATP). This is a method that focuses on the working through of personal traumatic material through writing and performance. My research utilises a transdisciplinary praxis, combining both arts-based and psychoanalytic theories and practice related to trauma recovery and the healing processes of ATP. My investigation is autoethnographic and deeply personal as my own life experience and creative process is used to answer my research question, as well as shining a light on the socio-cultural structures we live in. Employing a mixture of creative practice, personal reflection, theoretical examination, and a close reading of my play script and performance, I demonstrate how the creative process I went through has led to a form of personal healing and transformation, with the potential to impact and engage with the wider community.
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    Model-based packaging design for minimising environmental impact of horticultural packaging systems : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Food Technology at Massey University, New Zealand. EMBARGOED until 13 November 2026.
    (Massey University , 2024) Lozano, Raquel
    Packaging systems are instrumental in delivering high-quality food products to consumers. Food industries grapple with losses throughout the supply chain, resulting in both product and monetary setbacks. When considering the embodied resources in food production, including raw materials, energy, water, and emissions, minimising losses in any stage of the food supply chain is crucial. The New Zealand kiwifruit industry faces several constraints which include short harvest seasons, considerable distance to markets and year-round consumer demand. Packaging and storage plays a role in overcoming these factors by preventing undesirable quality loss traits. Establishing the link between packaging systems, supply chain conditions, and kiwifruit quality (specifically shrivel) provides a basis for evaluating the trade-off between over-packaging and excessing fruit loss. In this thesis, an integrated-mathematical model was developed to aid decision-making in for kiwifruit packaging, aiming to minimise the overall environmental impact throughout the kiwifruit supply chains from packhouse to purchase. This integrated-mathematical model facilitates exploratory analysis of both current and future supply chains and packaging systems. Four models were integrated: mass balance, moisture loss prediction, shrivel loss prediction and an optimisation engine. The mass balance model captured the kiwifruit and packaging masses and associated environmental impacts within kiwifruit supply chains. This model, applicable to any environmental metric, was developed to facilitate the prediction of kiwifruit losses. To validate its accuracy, the framework was applied in assessment examples, comparing its performance against existing research for kiwifruit supply chains. The absolute difference between predicted and actual emissions of CO2eq were less than 1% of the actual mean emissions at different stages of the supply chain. The moisture loss model was used to estimate kiwifruit weight loss both on a packaging unit and individual kiwifruit basis. The model demonstrated close agreement between weight loss predictions and experimental data for average packaging weight loss scenarios. Further refinement is needed to predict individual kiwifruit weight loss, specifically considering the impacts of packaging features on internal packaging water vapour distributions. The shrivel prediction model revealed that predicting kiwifruit losses due to shrivel posed challenges, primarily due to the current knowledge gap regarding the development of shrivel in kiwifruit under storage conditions. While increases in shrivel has been correlated to weight loss in existing literature, the reference state (at orchard, packhouse etc.) is arbitrary. Ideally shrivel would be related to an intrinsic property that could be measured at any point in time without requiring knowledge of this prior history of the fruit. The prediction of losses based on a non-relative starting point represents a knowledge gap addressed in this work, with potential improvements identified for future model iterations. This phase of the model development heavily relied on data collection to establish a mathematical relationship between weight loss and shrivel. The moisture loss and shrivel model served as the foundation for the development of an optimisation engine, enabling the identification of the optimal use of packaging. This model sought a balance between packaging mass and kiwifruit losses, employing various environmental impact categories as performance metrics. The success of this approach was evident as optimal packaging points were identified across (i) different packaging materials, (ii) different packaging materials and formats and (iii) different environmental impact categories. It was found that each optimum point for materials were unique to the ambient conditions of the supply chain, packaging format and material. This work revealed trade-offs between the environmental impact of the packaging material and amount of kiwifruit loss, numerically demonstrating what so far has only been presented as a theoretical concept in other research. Then, this integrated-model was applied to a range of real-life supply chain scenarios showcasing its versatility in addressing possible questions such as ‘what if ?’, ‘can we ?’ and ‘when can we ?. The application of the model to real-life scenarios demonstrated its utility for decision-making with respect to packaging materials and formats. This model is poised to offer crucial support for future packaging materials and supply chains. The limitation of this model lies in fruit loss predictions. To further model applicability, there remains further investigation of hypotheses developed during shrivel model development to refine the kiwifruit loss model. There also remains the opportunity to integrate more prediction models that account for the impact of packaging on other drivers of fruit loss, such as ethylene concentrations within the pack. While the integrated model developed in this thesis has some limitations in accurately predicting kiwifruit losses, this study highlights the significance of linking packaging performance and kiwifruit quality when evaluating environmental impacts. Although kiwifruit served as the focus in this work, the model created here paves the way for exploring the application of optimised packaging systems for other food commodities.
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    British humanitarians and the founding of New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand. EMBARGOED to 14 November 2026.
    (Massey University, 2024) Wyatt, Philippa
    This thesis reconsiders the intentions of the British humanitarians who sought to implement a ‘new system’ of ‘humane colonisation’ inaugurated by the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840. It addresses two principal questions. First, it attempts to understand how scholarly interpretations regarding humanitarians have changed over time and come increasingly to deny any protective intentions. It begins with Keith Sinclair who, although initially critical of humanitarians, came to greatly appreciate the importance and influence of humanitarian thinking and its Christian basis. It then follows the historiographical marginalization of humanitarianism during a period of intense historical revision in the 1970s and 1980s when humanitarianism was dismissed along with long–held ‘myths’ of racial harmony. ‘New Imperial History’, while reintegrating New Zealand with the empire, has likewise continued to present all humanitarians, particularly missionaries, as little more than active agents of imperialism. Secondly, this thesis seeks to provide a revision of that existing interpretation through a re–examination of the intentions of leading humanitarians in 1840. What that assessment reveals is that their goal was to create a more just and equal society, both at home and within the empire. This was understood to be necessary given the ‘crisis of civilization’ these men were then facing as evident in the growing poverty of the working poor within Britain and the increasing mistreatment and exploitation of indigenous peoples in the empire. It was the urgency created by that crisis that not only fueled a revival of faith but united these men as Christians, and led them to then seek to change their society and the empire as a whole through what was to be a radical programme of social and political reform based on ‘moral politics’. What they sought was to empower the poor and marginalized to better help themselves by assisting with their development to a position of ‘social equality’ and independence through educational and social reforms. With regard to Māori, what that meant was implementing a programme of targeted assimilation that could equip them with the education and skills they needed to compete more equally with Pākehā, while maintaining that which was important to their culture and identity, particularly their language. Securing the independence and greater protection of the vulnerable both at home and abroad was also understood to be dependent on securing their greater legal equality and civil rights, and what was a movement inspired by Christian faith and ‘love’ in turn became a civil rights movement that eventually sought to achieve in New Zealand what these men called ‘amalgamation’: the peaceful union of the two races on the basis of a shared faith and equal rights and laws. This was the great hope of the ‘new system’ of ‘humane colonization’ that came to be first attempted in New Zealand. It was also the hope of many Māori leaders, who likewise understood the Treaty to have created a union based on ‘one faith, one love, one law’.
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    Investigating the health benefits of Monty’s Surprise apple phytochemicals : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Nutritional Science at Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand. EMBARGOED until 18 November 2027.
    (Massey University, 2024) Nezbedová, Linda
    Cancer is a major health concern worldwide, requiring effective prevention strategies to reduce its burden. There is evidence suggesting that diet plays an important role in disease prevention. Apples are an example of a commonly available fruit that can be easily incorporated into a diet to reduce the risk of chronic disease and some cancers. Apples are rich in phytochemicals with chemo-preventative properties. However, assessing their benefits in humans is complex due to various factors affecting phytochemical composition and low bioavailability. Understanding and controlling for these factors is crucial for maximising their potential in preventing cancer and promoting human health. The PhD project presented in this thesis uses a multidisciplinary ‘from orchard to fork to function’ approach to evaluate the health benefits of phytochemicals in a New Zealand heritage apple cultivar known as Monty’s Surprise, with an emphasis on cancer prevention. This thesis particularly focuses on apple’s most abundant phytochemical group known as phenolic compounds. After controlling fruit harvest and maturity, Monty’s Surprise apple was found to contain high concentrations of health beneficial phenolics, especially procyanidins, with apple skin having higher total phenolic content compared to its flesh. Pureeing was identified as a suitable processing technique with minimal impact on apple’s phenolics, allowing long-term preservation and creating uniform material for use in intervention and feeding trials. Moreover, Monty’s Surprise apple extract depleted of sugars inhibited the proliferation of lung, breast, and colorectal cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner in vitro. Lastly, in a human acute feeding trial, Monty’s Surprise apple puree increased plasma antioxidant capacity and decreased postprandial glucose response compared to sugar-matched placebo. The feeding trial also showed that procyanidins were not detected in the participant’s blood, while epicatechin and chlorogenic acid, which are prevalent phenolics in Monty’s Surprise apple puree, were absorbed into the bloodstream. Therefore, these compounds were available to contribute to the improved health parameters measured in the study. This study offers practical recommendations for optimising harvesting, storage, and processing practices to preserve and more clearly elucidate the health-promoting properties of phenolics in apples. Overall, this research demonstrated the potential health benefits of Monty’s Surprise apple and its phenolics, suggesting its value as a functional food for improving human health and well-being.
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    Kūkū : a re-imagined fangufangu developed through a Kakala Design Framework : a thesis is presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of : Doctor of Philosophy in Design, Te Kunenga ki Pūrehuroa, Ngā Pae Mahutonga, Pōneke, Aotearoa | Massey University, School of Design, Wellington, New Zealand. EMBARGOED until 19 December 2025.
    (Massey University, 2024-09-23) Kaulamatoa, Rachael
    The fangufangu (nose flute) is a Tongan musical instrument that traces back hundreds of years. Each fangufangu possesses unique physical characteristics, contributing to its distinct sound. Highlighting its historical and cultural significance, one customary use was awakening nobility from slumber. Although rare today, practices of making and performing the fangufangu have been revitalized by Tongan communities in recent years. However, there is limited research on the fangufangu, particularly from a Tongan perspective. This practice-led creative research develops and applies a Kakala Design Framework to holistically and collaboratively explore possibilities of the fangufangu for modern musicians of the Tongan diaspora. The culmination of this research is embodied in Kūkū, a re-imagined fangufangu that enhances specific musical, tangible and visual aesthetics by harmoniously weaving notions of past, present and future. Through an analogue design approach, primary elements of form and material contribute towards enhancing instrument playability and sonic versatility to accommodate use across diverse musical environments and playing styles. Guided by an Indigenised industrial design process predicated on Tongan world-views and values, this exegesis reflects on the collaborative development of Kūkū with Tongan fangufangu practitioners.
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    The future of automated mobilities transition in Aotearoa New Zealand : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Resource and Environmental Planning at Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand. EMBARGOED until 15 October 2026.
    (Massey University, 2024-06-14) Shammut, Moayad
    Automated vehicles (AVs) have been commonly regarded as disruptive technologies of the future with multifaceted implications for cities, economies, and people’s mobilities. However, fundamental to exploiting any benefit from AVs, is the issue of complexity in transitioning towards safer AVs in the future. This research aims to fill this gap in literature and explore the complexity of safer AVs transition in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ). This research develops a theoretical framework based on the mobilities approach. The mobilities approach explains a wide array of economic, social, political practices and infrastructures that all involve various kinds of movement of people, information, or objects. This framework conceptualises AVs transition through three dimensions of mobilities. First, social mobilities explores how social meanings influence AVs transition. Second, governance mobilities explores how political-institutional factors influence AVs transition. Third, smart mobilities covers how technology risk and readiness influence AVs transition. This research used a qualitative approach by applying the case study of NZ. Data were collected through interviews with government officials and the AVs telecommunication industry, critically reviewing policy and planning documents as well as analysing social media. Firstly, social mobilities involved investigating how safety perceptions, feelings, and cultural practices of society influence AVs adoption. The content analysis of Facebook posts highlighted diversified social meanings for AVs safety, freedom, control and (un)employment that influence AVs adoption. This research found new evidence that developing trust in AVs is influenced by the reputation and achievements of both regulators and developers of technology. The informal driving style of NZ locals requires ‘remarkable competence’ from AVs to negotiate the road safely. NZ society tends to be inclined towards accepting lower-level AVs to maintain the ‘driving pleasure’, and to allow taking vehicle control during safety-critical scenarios. Secondly, governance mobilities involved investigating how political leadership, institutional capacity, and policy discourses steer AVs transition on the basis of their safety. The discourse and thematic analysis of government policy documents and interviews with government officials, revealed how different NZ governments steer AVs policy direction according to their political priorities. This research highlights the complexity of governing AVs due to the involvement of various government organisations with different hierarchical levels, fragmented responsibilities, high interdependencies and conflicting priorities. A strong political leadership coupled with investments for AVs could catalyse a smooth AVs transition. Thirdly, smart mobilities involved focussing on how infrastructure development, hardware, and software influence safe AVs uptake in the future. A focus group discussion and interviews with the AVs industry revealed the necessity for AVs to operate without significant interaction with other road users due to safety risks concerning object classification, GPS positioning, connectivity, and cybersecurity. Findings revealed various potential scenarios for surveillance and exploitation of AV users’ privacy including tracking their mobility habits and data monetisation. NZ roading network requires considerable adjustments to existing (physical and digital) infrastructure. Future infrastructure development may help ease introducing AVs in NZ, especially through developing collaboration between and across tech-industry and the government, to ensure safer uptake of AVs in the future. This research finds that achieving driving autonomy is complex. Transitioning towards safe AVs is dependent on a multitude of different types of factors including social meanings and practices, institutional cultures and norms, strategic visions, political leadership, various public and private sector organisations, technology readiness and enabling infrastructure, as well as influential pioneering actors. This research challenges the traditional technical rhetoric that assumes AVs capable to be deployed ‘everywhere’ and ‘under all conditions’, and rather argues for greater understanding of the complexity of real-life regulatory and urban environments within a specific country context. This research concludes that a successful transition towards safer automated mobility systems will require a holistic understanding of the complexities and interrelationships among the three ‘mobilities’ dimensions, which (each and collectively) significantly influence AVs transition in the future. All in all, the use of the mobilities paradigm in this thesis has been valuable in terms of revealing how the transition towards safer AVs is complex, entangled, heterogenous, and cannot be understood in silos. Existing research on AVs falls short in terms of capturing the complexity of AVs transition from these collective perspectives, hence the contribution of this research to the field. This overall thesis contributes to planning practice in terms of providing insights into a future-focused, long-term, strategic planning for the transition of AVs in NZ. Crucially, this thesis highly recommends the flexibility and openness of planners as AVs transition will occur outside the extant planning processes.
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    What goes on TOA : lessons from Tāne Ora o Aotearoa (TOA) in high-performance : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Te Pūtahi-a-Toi, School of Māori Knowledge, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand. EMBARGOED to 2 October 2026.
    (Massey University, 2023-12-01) Rowe, Luke
    Disproportionately high burden of disease, social exclusion and deprivation among Māori men are well documented across most health and social indices, and they are reflected within a broad range of policy, strategy, and service delivery initiatives. The reasons underpinning these inequities are certainly complex though clear, as they are connected to a suite of social, cultural, environmental, historical, and structural factors that each coalesce to undermine the overall health status of Māori men. Despite this, there is a growing population of tāne (Māori men) who continue to buck these trends. They are referred to in this thesis as, “tāne ora.” The focus on tāne ora, rather than on Māori men’s health, is deliberate and emphasises the fact that while these two concepts share similar goals and objectives, they are founded on different principles and philosophies. Like the renowned Gould et al (2002) study which interviewed 10 Olympic gold medallists revealing a number of common characteristics between them, this research is about What Drives Tāne Ora focusing on a specific subset of tāne who operate within high-performance environments. Grounded in Kaupapa Māori and Mana Tāne theories, a phenomenological and qualitative research design provided the framework for exploring the journeys of eight tāne within professional rugby aged between 20 and 36 years old. This thesis presents findings of the relationship between high-performance (one phenomena) and tāne ora (another phenomena). By taking this approach, these tāne offer insights into their childhood through to their present-day high-performance endeavours as current All Blacks and/or Māori All Blacks. Three seminal findings were established from this research. Firstly, research into the health and wellbeing of tāne requires broader emphases and attention. Not to simply perpetuate health disparities and deprivation, but to cast a light on where opportunities for gains exist and how more bespoke solutions can be developed. Secondly, health and wellbeing of tāne should be informed by research methodologies which are equally as nuanced and framed. The need for a Mana Tāne Research methodology is overdue if not desirable. Lastly, what drives tāne ora involves a complex interplay of conditions referred to in an acronym format as, MANA TANE. Notably, that any pursuits related to tāne ora needed to be mātauranga-informed, and activated by mana in the first instance. MANA TANE highlights that while all conditions are important, there are some (i.e., MANA) that are essential and others (TANE) that are complimentary. These illustrate the convergence of the conditions as an alternative pathway towards achieving tāne ora. One in which the rules of the sporting and Māori worlds are different with one being more transient and the other, enduring. And that those who are most successful are likely to be those that can have a positive relationship with both modes seamlessly.
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    Characteristisation of acetic acid bacteria and yeast isolated from kombucha produced in New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Food Technology at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand. EMBARGOED until 21 August 2026.
    (Massey University, 2024-08-13) Wang, Boying
    Background: Kombucha is a popular functional tea beverage commonly fermented by a complex symbiotic culture of acetic acid bacteria (AAB) and yeast (SCOBY) in a base of sugared tea infusion at ambient temperature for 7-14 days. Regular consumption of Kombucha confers potential health benefits due to the presence of live cultures and high concentrations of bioactive components such as vitamins, polyphenols, and organic acids. However, industrial production of Kombucha faces challenges due to the limited information on the dynamic changes in its microbial community composition and the lack of knowledge regarding their health-promoting characteristics. The impact of fermentation conditions and added substrates on starter cultures, physicochemical characteristics and functional activities is also not well understood. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the microbiological characteristics of New Zealand Kombucha starter cultures and evaluate the probiotic potential of AAB and yeast isolated from commercial Kombucha products. The bioactive components, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial activities of Kombucha fermented using a New Zealand starter culture under different fermentation conditions were also determined.--Shortened abstract