Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy for abused children with posttraumatic stress disorder : development and evaluation of a manualised treatment programme : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand
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Date
2007
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Massey University
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Abstract
A manualised trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (TF-CBT) programme was
developed for multiply-abused children diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD; Feather & Ronan, 2004) referred to the specialist clinic of the statutory child
protection agency in New Zealand. The TF-CBT protocol was based on: (1) a review
of the history of child abuse (CA) and child protection in New Zealand and
internationally, with particular reference to professional developments and the role of
psychologists in ameliorating CA; (2) a conceptualisation of the clinical presentation of CA in children; (3) a review of the field of psychotraumatology and theoretical models,
including locally developed, relevant to the development of a treatment programme for
traumatised abused children in a child protection setting in New Zealand; and (4) a
review of evidence-based practice, treatment outcome models, and current empirical
research related to developing an effective treatment model in this area. The locally
developed TF-CBT programme built on efficacious treatments for child anxiety and
PTSD as a result of sexual abuse. It encompasses psychosocial strengthening, coping skills training, gradual exposure using expressive modalities, and special issues relevant to trauma and abuse.
A “scientist-practitioner” approach to local clinical research was used to evaluate the
programme. A single-case multiple-baseline design demonstrated the controlling
effects of the treatment across four studies; each comprising four typically-referred multiply-abused children aged 9-15 years who met diagnostic criteria for PTSD.
Parent/caregivers were involved in treatment sessions. Study 1 was a pilot with four
Pakeha/New Zealand European children; Study 2 trialled the protocol with two Maori
and two Samoan children; Study 3 was an evaluation of the developed protocol with a
multicultural group of typically-referred children; and Study 4 was an evaluation with
other therapists delivering the manualised programme.
Despite some methodological difficulties related to conducting research in a setting of this nature, the overall results indicate a good deal of promise. Across the four studies, for the majority of children treated, PTSD symptoms decreased and child coping
increased. Where follow-up data was available, gains generally maintained or improved over 3-, 6-, and 12-month intervals.
Recommendations are made about further applications of this TF-CBT programme,
including the interweaving of cultural models with TF-CBT, and development and
evaluation of the protocol in other settings. Implications of the current research are discussed in terms of recognition of the crucial importance of evidence-based practice in CA/child protection settings, and the contribution psychologists and therapists can make to ensure quality outcomes for this most vulnerable population of children and families.
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Keywords
Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy, Post-traumatic stress disorder, Child abuse, Psychotraumatology, Child protection