Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. IHow Will Robocop Communicate? The design of a conceptual portable radio communication product for the NZ Police in 2018 F r a z e r D E l l i s © - 2 0 0 8 - M a s s e y U n i ve r s i t y C o l l e g e o f C re a t i v e A r t s Frazer D Ellis - Masters Of Design Thesis - © 2008 II Frazer D Ellis - Masters Of Design Thesis - © 2008 III Abstract This Master of Design study aims to communicate affective design principles within a Tait Electronics Ltd hand-held radio for the New Zealand Police to use in the year 2018. This investigation has three distinct research aims: A) Identify affective design principles appropriate for the design of current Tait portable police radios using the perceptual product experience (PPE) framework (Warell, 2008). B) Use speculative scenario planning to develop an understanding of how the requirements of Tait’s portable police radios will evolve over the next 10 years. C) Incorporate affective design principles and the brand values of Tait’s product range into a final conceptual portable police radio design for the year 2018. A comprehensive review of contemporary affective product design theory, case studies and other relevant literature was undertaken. This included affective product design (Warell, 2008), radio communication (Marzano, 2005) and future product forecasting (Lambourne, Feiz, & Rigot, 1997). Following this review the following research methods were selected for this study: 1) Future scenario planning 2) Current product-user interviews 3) Passive product observations Frazer D Ellis - Masters Of Design Thesis - © 2008 IV Throughout the project iterative design methods were used, including 2D concept generation, concept development and 3D prototyping. The resulting conceptual product and associated documentation of this study will add to the existing body of knowledge around the application of affective design principles and portable police radio product design. Keywords: radio, NZ Police, usability, performance, experience, perceptual product experience (PPE), affective product design Frazer D Ellis - Masters Of Design Thesis - © 2008 V I would like to express my gratitude and thanks to the following individuals for their help, support and encouragement throughout the duration of this project: I thank my supervisors, Lyn Garrett, Dr Mark Goellner & Dr Anders Warell for their guidance, knowledge and encouragement. Cheers for that. To my fellow MDes students, Matt McKinley, Will Cook, Jane Anthrop and Laura Ford, thank you for putting with my mischievous tendencies and thank you for not making a big deal when I burnt my socks in the microwave. Thank you Celia Stanyon, Meagan Watson and Rodney Adank from AFFECT – The Research Centre. I shale not soon forget that infamous night in Christchurch. To Leon Eramuson and Rodney Mackrell of Tait Electronics Ltd, for providing insight into the radio communication industry. The NZ Police for their (eventual) cooperation. To my friends and family, - Morgan Ellis, Siska and Tim Alderson, Damon Ellis, Siobhan Lehnhard, Gareth Ellis, Steph Burton, Jill Ellis (Mum), Don Ellis (Dad) Michelle McCabe and Kelsie Sharp, You all provided me with the support and encouragement to get it done. And Cheers once again Morgan, you’re a legend. Acknowledgements Frazer D Ellis - Masters Of Design Thesis - © 2008 VI Contents 1.0 Background To Study..............................................................................................1 1.1 Research Aim...........................................................................................................1 1.2 Research Objectives..............................................................................................2 1.3 Research Questions..............................................................................................3 2.0 Project Scope..........................................................................................................5 2.1 Affect - Research Centre ....................................................................................5 2.2 Tait Electronics Ltd................................................................................................6 2.3 New Zealand Police, Maori: Nga Pirihimana O Aoteroa.....................................6 2.4 Radio Communication..........................................................................................7 3.0 Background Research............................................................................................9 3.1 Affective Design Theory........................................................................................9 3.1.1 Affective Product Design Theory Discussion...................................................10 3.1.2 Warrell’s Perceptual Product Experience Framework (2008) ...................11 3.2 Product Forecasting Techniques..........................................................................14 3.2.1 Product forecasting discussion............................................................................14 3.2.2 Scenario Planning....................................................................................................15 3.3 Current Police Portable Radio Design..............................................................15 3.3.1 Police Radio System Design.................................................................................16 3.3.2 Radio Assignment...................................................................................................16 3.3.3 Current Product Architecture............................................................................17 3.3.4 Product Variations..................................................................................................23 3.3.5 Radio Battery/Charges..........................................................................................24 3.4.6 Police Radio Accessories......................................................................................25 3.3.7 Current Police Radio Product Market..............................................................26 3.3.8 State-of-the-art Police Radio Design.................................................................27 3.3.9 Police Radio Design Case Study.............................................................28 3.4 Secondary Research Summary................................................................30 4.0 Research Methodology.............................................................................30 4.1 Research Approach....................................................................................32 4.2 Research Methods.....................................................................................33 4.2.1 ‘Research Through Design’ Methods....................................................38 4.2.2 ‘Research For design’ Methods........................................................................45 4.3 NZ Police Conditions For Research....................................................46 4.3.1 Information Confidentiality.....................................................................46 4.3.2 Effects of Research....................................................................................46 4.3.3 Participants Selection...............................................................................46 4.3.4 Informed Consent.....................................................................................46 4.3.5 Safety Concerns.........................................................................................47 4.3.6 Ethical Considerations..............................................................................47 5.0 Forecasting / Tait Research......................................................................49 5.1 Forecasting...................................................................................................49 5.1.1 Film Analysis.................................................................................................50 5.1.2 Scenario Planning........................................................................................53 5.2 Tait Research...............................................................................................58 5.2.1 Tait Product Analysis.................................................................................58 5.2.2 Tait Format Analysis Matrix.....................................................................63 5.2.3 Tait Product Visual Identity Analysis......................................................64 5.2.4 Tait Brand Analysis.....................................................................................65 5.2.5 Tait Police Documentation Analysis......................................................67 5.2.6 Tait Police Documentation Criteria......................................................69 Frazer D Ellis - Masters Of Design Thesis - © 2008 VII 6.0 Concept Ideation and Development.....................................................71 6.1 Gunslinger.....................................................................................................75 6.2 Big Brother...................................................................................................79 6.3 Safety..............................................................................................................83 6.4 Sustainability.................................................................................................87 7.0 NZ Police Research...................................................................................89 7.1 NZ Police Future Radio Requirements................................................90 7.2 NZ Police Requirements Design Criteria...........................................97 7.3 NZ Police PPE Framework Analysis......................................................99 7.3.1 Current Product Recognition.................................................................100 7.3.2 Police Radio Comprehension..................................................................102 7.4.3 Product Association...................................................................................103 7.3.4 Vehicle Associations Analysis...................................................................108 7.3.5 Vehicle Association Results......................................................................109 7.3.6 Cell Phone Association Analysis.............................................................110 7.3.7 Cell Phone Association Results .............................................................111 7.4 NZ Police PPE Framework Summary...................................................112 7.5 Concept Analysis........................................................................................113 7.6 Concept Analysis Results ........................................................................118 7.6.1 Concept Analysis Summary......................................................................119 7.6.2 Concept Analysis Design Criteria..........................................................120 8.0 Final Design Criteria.................................................................................122 8.1 Final Design Development.......................................................................126 8.3 Final Concept Design................................................................................134 8.4 Main Radio Unit Design............................................................................133 8.5 Audio Options..............................................................................................134 8.6 Body Position................................................................................................135 8.7 Interface Design............................................................................................136 8.8 Energy Source...............................................................................................137 8.9 User Identification........................................................................................138 8.10 Interface Design............................................................................................139 8.11 Pre-set Operation Modes..........................................................................140 8.12 Operation System Design..........................................................................145 8.13 Notepad..........................................................................................................146 8.14 Database.........................................................................................................149 8.15 Communications..........................................................................................153 8.16 Autonomous Emergency Functions........................................................155 9.0 Final Design Analysis ...................................................................................156 9.1 Discussion and conclusion.........................................................................160 10.0 Reference List ...............................................................................................162 Appendix 01 Disco A - Gunslinger - Big Brother - Safety - Sustainability NZ Police Research Contract Frazer D Ellis - Masters Of Design Thesis - © 2008 VIII List of Figures 2.1 Affect Logo 2.2 NZ Police Logo 2.3 Tait Logo 2.4 Point-to-point Communication 2.5 Point-to-multipoint Communication 3.1 Norman (2004) The Three Levels of Emotional Design 3.2 Warell (2008) PPE - Overview 3.3 Warell (2008) PPE - Presentation Mode 3.4 Warell (2008) PPE - Representation Mode 3.5 IDEO (2007) Mobility Platform Videos for Intel 3.6 Schoemaker (1995) Scenario Forecasting Checklist. 3.7 Generic Product Architecture 3.8 Generic Product Architecture - Top View 3.9 Generic Product Architecture - Single Side 3.10 Generic Product Architecture - Front View. 3.11 Generic Product Architecture - Antennas. 3.12 Generic Product Architecture - Rear View 3.13 Generic Product Architecture 1)Full Keypad 2)Basic Model 3.14 Generic Battery Chargers 1)Single 2)Multiple 3.15 Current Police Radio Product Market. 1) Motorola XTS - 5000 2) Icom F-60 3)Kenwood TK5210 4) Simoco SRP9130 5) Tait TP9100 3.16 Motorola APX 7000 3.17 Marzano (2005) Product Form Studies 3.18 Marzano (2005) Refined Product Form Studies 4.1 Scenario Planning 4.2 2D Sketching 4.3 3D Form Studies 4.4 Concept Development 4.5 Concept Short Film Presentation 4.6 Final Concept Design 4.7 Robocop (1987, © Orion Pictures Corporation) 4.8 Warell (2008) PPE - Representation Mode 4.9 Tait/Police Documentation Analysis 4.10 Police Workstation 4.11 Police Patrol Car 4.12 Warell (2008) PPE - Comprehension 4.13 Concept Presentation. 4.14 At the station 5.1 The Fifth Element (1997, © Gaumont) 5.2 Judge Dredd (1994, ©Hollywood Pictures) 5.3 Robocop (1987, © Orion Pictures Corporation) Frazer D Ellis - Masters Of Design Thesis - © 2008 IX 5.4 I, Robot (2004, ©Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation) 5.5 Minority Report (2002, ©Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation) 5.6 Demolition Man (1993, © Warner Bros. Pictures) 5.7 Tait TM9100 Mobile Radio and TP9100 Portable Radio 5.8 Tait TB8100 Base Station - Repeater and TP8100 Portable Radio 5.9 Tait TM9155 Hand-Held Control Head and TP9100 Portable Radio and TM8200 Mobile Radio 6.1 Gunslinger - Early Ideation 6.2 Gunslinger - 2D Sketching 6.3 Gunslinger - 3D Form Studies 6.4 Gunslinger - Hero Image 6.5 Big Brother - Early Ideation 6.6 Big Brother - 2D Sketching 6.7 Big Brother - 3D Form Studies 6.8 Big Brother - Hero Image 6.9 Safety - Early Ideation 6.10 Safety - 2D Sketching 6.11 Safety - 3D Form Studies 6.12 Safety - Hero Image 6.13 Sustainability - Early Ideation 6.14 Sustainability - 2D Sketching 6.15 Sustainability - 3D Form Studies 6.16 Sustainability - Hero Image 7.1 Prisoner Photography Station 7.2 Prisoner Thumb Printing Station 7.3 Officer Tracking System 7.4 NZ Police Patrol Vehicle 7.5 Typical Police Equipment 7.6 Typical Police Workstation 7.7 Officer Wearing a Speaker/Microphone 7.8 Officer Wearing a Personal Audio Earpiece 7.9 Typical Equipment and Keys Cabinet 7.10 Radio Battery Charge Stations 7.11 Warell (2008) PPE 7.12 Tait TP9100 Police Portable Radio 7.13 Example Police Portable Radio 7.14 Lamborghini Gallardo Superleggera 7.15 Volvo V70 7.16 Motorola Razr Maxx V6 Ferrari 7.17 Nokia 5140i 7.18 Gunslinger - Hero Image 7.19 Big Brother - Hero Image 7.20 Hummer 7.21 Toyota Prius 7.22 AK47 Cell Phone 7.23 Apple Iphone 7.24 Safety - Hero Image 7.25 Sustainability - Hero Image 7.26 Gunslinger - Hero Image 7.27 Big Brother - Hero Image 7.28 Safety - Hero Image Frazer D Ellis - Masters Of Design Thesis - © 2008 X 7.29 Sustainability - Hero Image 8.1 Final Concept Development 8.2 Final Concept Development 8.3 Final Concept Development 8.4 Final Concept Development 8.5 Final Concept Development 8.6 Final Concept Floating 8.7 Final Concept - Audio Options 8.8 Final Concept - Vest Attachment 8.9 Final Concept Unit Design 8.10 Final Concept - Audio Options 8.11 Final Concept - Vest Attachmenr 8.12 Final Concept - Radio Dettachment 8.13 Final Concept - Stylus 8.14 Final Concept - Stylus Removal 8.15 Fluid Cell Substrate 8.16 Touch-screen 8.17 Final Concept 8.18 Police Vehicle 8.19 Interface Design 8.20 Covert Screen Mode 8.21 Alert Screen Mode 8.22 Live Event Display 8.23 Operating System Design 8.24 Notebook Option 8.25 Map Marker Option 8.26 Image Capture 8.27 ID Scan Process 8.28 Three-point View of Concept 8.29 Facial Recognition 8.30 ID Profile Screen 8.31 ID Profile Flag Screen 8.32 Alphabetical Keyboard 8.33 Map Index Frazer D Ellis - Masters Of Design Thesis - © 2008 XI List of Tables 7.6 Reliable 7.7 Modern 7.8 Gunslinger Product Associations 7.9 Big Brother Product Associations 7.10 Safety Product Associations 7.11 Sustainability Product Assocations 7.12 Safety Product Associations 7.13 Sustainability Product Associations 7.14 Vehicle Recognition Analysis 7.15 Vehicle Recognition Analysis Graph 7.16 Cell Phone Recognition Analysis 7.17 Cell Phone Recognition Analysis Graph 7.18 Police PPE Analysis Design Criteria 7.19 Gunslinger Analysis 7.20 Big Brother Analysis 7.21 Safety Analysis 7.22 Sustainability Analysis 7.23 User Personal/ Professional Concept preference 7.24 Concept Analysis Presentation Design Criteria 7.25 Concept Analysis Performance Design Criteria 8.1 Final Design Criteria 8.2 Final Design Criteria 8.3 Final Design Criteria 8.4 Final Design Criteria 3.1 Police Radio Accesssories 3.2 Performance and Experience Attributes 4.1 Research Approach 4.2 Bi-polar Process Graph 5.1 Technology Trends 5.2 Communication Products Trends 5.3 NZ Police Future Trends 5.4 Plausibility/Consistency Bi-polar Graph 5.5 TB8100 Base Station - Repeater PPE 5.6 TM8200 Mobile Radio PPE 5.7 TP8100 Portable Radio range PPE 5.8 TM9155 Hand-Held Control Head PPE 5.9 TB9100 Base Station - Repeater PPE 5.10 TM9100 Mobile Radio PPE 5.11 TP9100 Portable Radio range PPE 5.12 Tait Format Analysis Matrix 5.13 Tait/Police Performance Design Criteria 5.14 Tait/Police Experience Design Criteria 7.1 NZ Police Requirement Design Criteria 7.2 Robust 7.3 High-Tech 7.4 Professional 7.5 Useable Frazer D Ellis - Masters Of Design Thesis - © 2008 12