Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis.  Permission is given for 
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 ? 	
 ?What?s	
 ?in	
 ?my	
 ?kete?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?An	
 ?exploration	
 ?of	
 ?women	
 ?and	
 ?leadership	
 ?in	
 ?not-??for-??profit	
 ?organisations	
 ?in	
 ?Aotearoa/New	
 ?Zealand	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ? 	
 ? 	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?A	
 ?thesis	
 ?presented	
 ?in	
 ?partial	
 ?fulfilment	
 ?of	
 ?the	
 ?requirements	
 ?for	
 ?the	
 ?degree	
 ?of	
 ?	
 ?Master	
 ?of	
 ?Education	
 ?(Adult	
 ?Education)	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?at	
 ?Massey	
 ?University,	
 ?New	
 ?Zealand.	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?Valerie	
 ?Animoa	
 ?Goold	
 ?	
 ?2013	
 ?
ii	
 ?	
 ?
Abstract:	
 ?	
 ?This	
 ?thesis	
 ?listens	
 ?to,	
 ?and	
 ?learns	
 ?from,	
 ?the	
 ?perspectives	
 ?of	
 ?five	
 ?women	
 ?in	
 ?leadership	
 ?roles	
 ?of	
 ?not-??for-??profit	
 ?organisations	
 ?in	
 ?Aotearoa/New	
 ?Zealand.	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?The	
 ?key	
 ?objective	
 ?of	
 ?this	
 ?research	
 ?was	
 ?to	
 ?examine	
 ?the	
 ?essence	
 ?of	
 ?leadership	
 ?for	
 ?these	
 ?women.	
 ?	
 ?This	
 ?qualitative	
 ?study	
 ?adopted	
 ?an	
 ?integrated	
 ?research	
 ?approach,	
 ?which	
 ?wove	
 ?together	
 ?M?ori	
 ?and	
 ?P?keh?	
 ?understandings	
 ?of	
 ?research,	
 ?knowledge,	
 ?and	
 ?symbols.	
 ?	
 ?It	
 ?privileged	
 ?indigenous	
 ?ways	
 ?of	
 ?knowing	
 ?by	
 ?centring	
 ?the	
 ?research	
 ?on	
 ?the	
 ?concepts	
 ?of	
 ?the	
 ?kete	
 ??	
 ?as	
 ?a	
 ?material	
 ?metaphor	
 ?and	
 ?a	
 ?way	
 ?of	
 ?communicating	
 ?M?ori	
 ?ways	
 ?of	
 ?knowing	
 ??	
 ?and	
 ?k?rero,	
 ?which	
 ?is	
 ?meaningful	
 ?conversation	
 ?together	
 ?with	
 ?others,	
 ?from	
 ?which	
 ?to	
 ?gather	
 ?data.	
 ?	
 ?The	
 ?key	
 ?question	
 ?asked	
 ?was	
 ??What	
 ?is	
 ?in	
 ?your	
 ?kete??	
 ?which	
 ?asked	
 ?what	
 ?they	
 ?brought	
 ?with	
 ?them	
 ?to	
 ?their	
 ?understanding	
 ?and	
 ?role	
 ?of	
 ?leadership,	
 ?and	
 ?what	
 ?continued	
 ?to	
 ?shape	
 ?and	
 ?sustain	
 ?them	
 ?as	
 ?leaders.	
 ?Participants	
 ?were	
 ?invited	
 ?to	
 ?reflect	
 ?on	
 ?the	
 ?research	
 ?question,	
 ?over	
 ?the	
 ?period	
 ?of	
 ?a	
 ?month,	
 ?collecting	
 ?material	
 ?symbolic	
 ?items	
 ?in	
 ?a	
 ?kete	
 ?if	
 ?they	
 ?desired,	
 ?and	
 ?then	
 ?the	
 ?five	
 ?participants	
 ?gathered	
 ?for	
 ?k?rero	
 ?or	
 ?focused	
 ?group	
 ?conversations	
 ??	
 ?two	
 ?participants	
 ?in	
 ?one	
 ?k?rero	
 ?and	
 ?three	
 ?participants	
 ?in	
 ?another,	
 ?with	
 ?myself	
 ?as	
 ?a	
 ?facilitator.	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?From	
 ?this	
 ?dual	
 ?method	
 ?qualitative	
 ?research	
 ?approach,	
 ?three	
 ?key	
 ?themes	
 ?emerged.	
 ?	
 ?The	
 ?first	
 ?theme	
 ?was	
 ?that	
 ?the	
 ?participants	
 ?have	
 ?a	
 ?whole	
 ?personal	
 ?community	
 ?in	
 ?their	
 ?kete,	
 ?which	
 ?has	
 ?not	
 ?only	
 ?influenced	
 ?the	
 ?leader	
 ?in	
 ?the	
 ?past,	
 ?but	
 ?continues	
 ?to	
 ?have	
 ?an	
 ?ongoing	
 ?significance	
 ?in	
 ?shaping	
 ?the	
 ?heart	
 ?of	
 ?leadership	
 ?for	
 ?these	
 ?women.	
 ?	
 ?The	
 ?second	
 ?theme,	
 ?determined	
 ?that	
 ?there	
 ?is	
 ?a	
 ?clear	
 ?sense	
 ?of	
 ?purpose	
 ?that	
 ?is	
 ?foundational	
 ?to	
 ?their	
 ?work	
 ?in	
 ?the	
 ?not-??for-??profit	
 ?sector	
 ?and	
 ?that	
 ?there	
 ?are	
 ?a	
 ?whole	
 ?web	
 ?of	
 ?beliefs	
 ?that	
 ?underpin	
 ?the	
 ?way	
 ?these	
 ?women	
 ?understand	
 ?their	
 ?leadership.	
 ?	
 ?The	
 ?final	
 ?theme	
 ?that	
 ?emerged	
 ?is	
 ?the	
 ?realisation	
 ?that	
 ?there	
 ?is	
 ?power	
 ?in	
 ?their	
 ?kete.	
 ?
iii	
 ?	
 ?
Dedication	
 ?To	
 ?my	
 ?wh?nau	
 ?wh?nui	
 ??	
 ?family	
 ?and	
 ?friends,	
 ?who	
 ?shape,	
 ?encourage,	
 ?and	
 ?sustain	
 ?me	
 ?	
 ?in	
 ?leadership	
 ?and	
 ?life.	
 ?	
 ?To	
 ?God	
 ??	
 ?the	
 ?ultimate	
 ?servant	
 ?leader.	
 ?	
 ?Acknowledgements	
 ?This	
 ?study	
 ?would	
 ?not	
 ?have	
 ?been	
 ?possible	
 ?without	
 ?the	
 ?enthusiasm,	
 ?grace,	
 ?courage,	
 ?honesty,	
 ?insight,	
 ?and	
 ?generosity	
 ?of	
 ?the	
 ?women	
 ?participants.	
 ?	
 ?I	
 ?felt	
 ?privileged	
 ?that	
 ?they	
 ?joined	
 ?me	
 ?on	
 ?this	
 ?adventure	
 ?of	
 ?discovery,	
 ?and	
 ?they	
 ?will	
 ?forever	
 ?be	
 ?in	
 ?my	
 ?kete.	
 ?	
 ?I	
 ?would	
 ?like	
 ?to	
 ?thank	
 ?my	
 ?thesis	
 ?supervisors,	
 ?Dr	
 ?marg	
 ?Gilling	
 ?and	
 ?Gloria	
 ?Slater,	
 ?whose	
 ?patience,	
 ?optimism,	
 ?faith	
 ?that	
 ?I	
 ?could	
 ?complete,	
 ?timely	
 ?insights	
 ?and	
 ?listening	
 ?ears	
 ?have	
 ?made	
 ?this	
 ?thesis	
 ?possible.	
 ?	
 ?Thanks	
 ?also	
 ?go	
 ?to	
 ?Dr	
 ?Janet	
 ?Webster	
 ?for	
 ?her	
 ?valued	
 ?input	
 ?given	
 ?as	
 ?the	
 ?need	
 ?arose	
 ?late	
 ?in	
 ?the	
 ?process.	
 ?	
 ?Their	
 ?encouragement	
 ?has	
 ?enriched	
 ?this	
 ?thesis	
 ?immeasurably.	
 ?	
 ?I	
 ?would	
 ?like	
 ?to	
 ?thank	
 ?those	
 ?who	
 ?provided	
 ?practical	
 ?encouragement	
 ?and	
 ?support,	
 ?especially	
 ?to	
 ?help	
 ?this	
 ?thesis	
 ?through	
 ?the	
 ?final	
 ?crazy	
 ?days	
 ??	
 ?particularly	
 ?Peggy,	
 ?Peta-??Maria	
 ?and	
 ?Jenni.	
 ?	
 ?I	
 ?would	
 ?like	
 ?to	
 ?thank	
 ?my	
 ?work	
 ?community,	
 ?Tertiary	
 ?Students	
 ?Christian	
 ?Fellowship	
 ?(NZ),	
 ?for	
 ?their	
 ?support	
 ?to	
 ?undertake	
 ?this	
 ?research	
 ?project	
 ?as	
 ?part	
 ?of	
 ?my	
 ?ongoing	
 ?leadership	
 ?development	
 ?and	
 ?sometimes	
 ?at	
 ?significant	
 ?cost	
 ?to	
 ?the	
 ?organisation.	
 ?	
 ?Their	
 ?willingness	
 ?to	
 ?incorporate	
 ?much	
 ?of	
 ?this	
 ?learning,	
 ?and	
 ?to	
 ?ask	
 ?many	
 ?of	
 ?the	
 ?questions	
 ?that	
 ?are	
 ?at	
 ?the	
 ?conclusion	
 ?of	
 ?this	
 ?thesis,	
 ?is	
 ?testimony	
 ?to	
 ?the	
 ?organisation?s	
 ?openness	
 ?to	
 ?do	
 ?leadership	
 ?differently	
 ?and	
 ?courageously	
 ?in	
 ?the	
 ?not-??for-??profit	
 ?context.	
 ?	
 ?I	
 ?wish	
 ?to	
 ?thank	
 ?all	
 ?those	
 ?who	
 ?work	
 ??	
 ?in	
 ?both	
 ?a	
 ?paid	
 ?and	
 ?volunteer	
 ?capacity	
 ?-??	
 ?in	
 ?the	
 ?not-??for-??profit	
 ?sector.	
 ?	
 ?Your	
 ?courage	
 ?and	
 ?care,	
 ?to	
 ?give	
 ?of	
 ?yourselves	
 ?for	
 ?the	
 ?benefit	
 ?of	
 ?others,	
 ?often	
 ?in	
 ?significantly	
 ?testing	
 ?conditions,	
 ?is	
 ?an	
 ?inspiration	
 ?to	
 ?me	
 ?and	
 ?to	
 ?many,	
 ?and	
 ?a	
 ?taonga	
 ?in	
 ?our	
 ?society.
iv	
 ?	
 ?
He	
 ?mihi	
 ?Ko	
 ?Tapuae	
 ?o	
 ?Uenuku	
 ?te	
 ?maunga	
 ?Ko	
 ?Wairau	
 ?te	
 ?awa	
 ?Ko	
 ?Kurahaupo	
 ?te	
 ?waka	
 ?Ko	
 ?Rangitane	
 ?o	
 ?Wairau	
 ?te	
 ?iwi	
 ?Ko	
 ?Huataki	
 ?te	
 ?tangata	
 ?Ko	
 ?Omaka	
 ?te	
 ?marae	
 ?Ko	
 ?Howard	
 ?raua	
 ?ko	
 ?Jill	
 ?oku	
 ?matua	
 ?Ko	
 ?Valerie	
 ?Animoa	
 ?Goold	
 ?toku	
 ?ingoa	
 ?Tena	
 ?koutou,	
 ?tena	
 ?koutou,	
 ?tena	
 ?koutou	
 ?katoa.	
 ?	
 ?I	
 ?am	
 ?a	
 ?woman	
 ?I	
 ?am	
 ?a	
 ?leader	
 ?in	
 ?a	
 ?not-??for-??profit	
 ?organisation.	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?I	
 ?greet	
 ?you,	
 ?the	
 ?reader,	
 ?and	
 ?invite	
 ?you	
 ?to	
 ?listen	
 ?to	
 ?the	
 ?perspective	
 ?and	
 ?the	
 ?wisdom	
 ?of	
 ?the	
 ?women	
 ?in	
 ?this	
 ?study	
 ?and	
 ?to	
 ?learn	
 ?from	
 ?them,	
 ?just	
 ?as	
 ?I	
 ?have.	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?
v	
 ?	
 ?
	
 ?	
 ?Page	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?Abstract	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ? ii	
 ?Dedication	
 ?and	
 ?Acknowledgements	
 ?	
 ? iii	
 ?He	
 ?mihi	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ?	
 ? iv	
 ?	
 ? 	
 ?Chapter	
 ?1	
 ?Introduction	
 ? 1	
 ?1.1 The	
 ?research	
 ?question	
 ?and	
 ?approach	
 ? 2	
 ?1.2 Not-??for-??profit/Social	
 ?profit	
 ??	
 ?what	
 ?is	
 ?the	
 ?best	
 ?language?	
 ? 4	
 ?1.3 Outline	
 ?of	
 ?the	
 ?thesis	
 ? 5	
 ?	
 ? 	
 ?Chapter	
 ?2	
 ?Literature	
 ?Review	
 ? 7	
 ?2.1	
 ? Leadership	
 ? 7	
 ?	
 ? 	
 ? 2.1.1	
 ? The	
 ?origins	
 ?of	
 ?leadership	
 ? 8	
 ?	
 ? 	
 ? 2.1.2	
 ? Theories	
 ?of	
 ?leadership	
 ? 10	
 ?	
 ? 	
 ? 2.1.3	
 ? Applied	
 ?leadership	
 ?theories	
 ? 14	
 ?	
 ? 	
 ? 2.1.4	
 ? Leadership	
 ?and	
 ?power	
 ? 17	
 ?2.2	
 ? Women	
 ?and	
 ?leadership	
 ? 18	
 ?	
 ? 	
 ? 2.2.1	
 ? Gendered	
 ?workplaces	
 ? 20	
 ?2.3	
 ? Leadership	
 ?in	
 ?the	
 ?Not-??for-??profit	
 ?sector	
 ? 22	
 ?2.4	
 ? Leadership	
 ?in	
 ?the	
 ?Aotearoa/New	
 ?Zealand	
 ?context	
 ? 24	
 ?	
 ? 	
 ? 2.4.1	
 ? Aotearoa/New	
 ?Zealand	
 ?application	
 ?of	
 ?GLOBE	
 ?survey	
 ? 24	
 ?	
 ? 	
 ? 2.4.2	
 ? M?ori	
 ?influence	
 ?on	
 ?leadership	
 ?in	
 ?Aotearoa/New	
 ?Zealand	
 ? 25	
 ?2.5	
 ? The	
 ?Not-??for-??profit	
 ?Sector	
 ?in	
 ?Aotearoa/New	
 ?Zealand	
 ? 27	
 ?2.5	
 ? Women	
 ?in	
 ?the	
 ?Not-??for-??profit	
 ?Sector	
 ?in	
 ?Aotearoa/New	
 ?Zealand	
 ? 32	
 ?	
 ? 	
 ?Chapter	
 ?3	
 ?Research	
 ?approach	
 ? 35	
 ?	
 ? 3.1	
 ? The	
 ?Kete	
 ?in	
 ?Te	
 ?Ao	
 ?M?ori	
 ? 35	
 ?	
 ? 3.2	
 ? Methodology	
 ? 36	
 ?	
 ? 	
 ? 3.2.1	
 ? Integrated	
 ?research	
 ?approach	
 ? 37	
 ?
Table	
 ?of	
 ?Contents	
 ?
vi	
 ?	
 ?
	
 ? 3.3	
 ? Method	
 ? 39	
 ?	
 ? 	
 ? 3.3.1	
 ? Sample	
 ?selection	
 ? 39	
 ?	
 ? 	
 ? 3.3.2	
 ? Kete	
 ?-??	
 ?Reflection	
 ?and	
 ?Stimulus	
 ?Material	
 ? 41	
 ?	
 ? 	
 ? 3.3.3	
 ? K?rero	
 ?-??	
 ?Focused	
 ?Group	
 ?Conversations	
 ? 43	
 ?	
 ? 	
 ? 3.3.4	
 ? Data	
 ?Analysis	
 ? 46	
 ?	
 ? 3.4	
 ? Ethics	
 ? 47	
 ?	
 ? 	
 ?Chapter	
 ?4	
 ?	
 ? Findings	
 ? 49	
 ?	
 ? 4.1	
 ? K?rero	
 ?and	
 ?Kete	
 ?profiles	
 ? 49	
 ?	
 ? 	
 ? 4.1.1	
 ? K?rero	
 ?Tahi	
 ? 50	
 ?	
 ? 	
 ? 4.1.2	
 ? K?rero	
 ?Rua	
 ? 55	
 ?	
 ? 4.2	
 ? What?s	
 ?in	
 ?my	
 ?kete?	
 ? 62	
 ?	
 ? 	
 ? 4.2.1	
 ? Personal	
 ?Community	
 ? 62	
 ?	
 ? 	
 ? 4.2.2	
 ? Purpose	
 ?and	
 ?Belief	
 ? 67	
 ?	
 ? 	
 ? 4.2.3	
 ? Power	
 ? 71	
 ?	
 ? 	
 ?Chapter	
 ?5	
 ? Discussion	
 ?of	
 ?the	
 ?Findings	
 ? 81	
 ?	
 ? 5.1	
 ? What?s	
 ?in	
 ?my	
 ?kete?	
 ??	
 ?Personal	
 ?Community	
 ? 82	
 ?	
 ? 5.2	
 ? What?s	
 ?in	
 ?my	
 ?kete?	
 ??	
 ?Purpose	
 ?and	
 ?Belief	
 ? 91	
 ?	
 ? 5.3	
 ? What?s	
 ?in	
 ?my	
 ?kete?	
 ?-??	
 ?Power	
 ? 98	
 ?	
 ? 	
 ?Chapter	
 ?6	
 ? Conclusion	
 ? 108	
 ?	
 ? 	
 ?List	
 ?of	
 ?Illustrations	
 ? 114	
 ?Appendices	
 ? 115	
 ?Appendix	
 ?1:	
 ?	
 ?Ethics	
 ?Approval	
 ? 115	
 ?Appendix	
 ?2:	
 ?	
 ?Letter	
 ?of	
 ?invitation	
 ? 116	
 ?Appendix	
 ?3:	
 ?	
 ?Information	
 ?Sheet	
 ? 117	
 ?Appendix	
 ?4:	
 ?	
 ?Consent	
 ?form	
 ? 119	
 ?References	
 ? 120	
 ?Appendix	
 ?5:	
 ?	
 ?K?rero	
 ?and	
 ?Participant	
 ?profile	
 ?summary	
 ? 126	
 ?