Journal of Heritage Tourism ISSN: 1743-873X (Print) 1747-6631 (Online) Journal homepage: www.tandfonline.com/journals/rjht20 Nostalgia and tourism Anna Earl & C. Michael Hall To cite this article: Anna Earl & C. Michael Hall (2023) Nostalgia and tourism, Journal of Heritage Tourism, 18:3, 307-317, DOI: 10.1080/1743873X.2023.2192875 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2023.2192875 © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group Published online: 28 Mar 2023. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 8286 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 14 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rjht20 https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/rjht20?src=pdf https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080/1743873X.2023.2192875 https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2023.2192875 https://www.tandfonline.com/action/authorSubmission?journalCode=rjht20&show=instructions&src=pdf https://www.tandfonline.com/action/authorSubmission?journalCode=rjht20&show=instructions&src=pdf https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/mlt/10.1080/1743873X.2023.2192875?src=pdf https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/mlt/10.1080/1743873X.2023.2192875?src=pdf http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1080/1743873X.2023.2192875&domain=pdf&date_stamp=28%20Mar%202023 http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1080/1743873X.2023.2192875&domain=pdf&date_stamp=28%20Mar%202023 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1080/1743873X.2023.2192875?src=pdf https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1080/1743873X.2023.2192875?src=pdf https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rjht20 Nostalgia and tourism Anna Earl a and C. Michael Hall a,b,c,d,e,f aDepartment of Management, Marketing, and Tourism, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; bThe College of Hotel & Tourism Management, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea; cGeography Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; dSchool of Business and Economics, Linneaus University, Kalmar, Sweden; eDepartment of Service Management and Service Studies, Lund University, Helsingborg, Sweden; fCRiC, Taylor’s University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia ABSTRACT For most of the past 300 years, the concept of nostalgia has been regarded as a medical condition. However, since the 1980s, it has become heavily associated with the ‘heritage industry’ and the creation of consumer experiences, especially in a tourism and leisure context. This special issue on nostalgia and tourism aims to encourage and advance the scholarly conversation about the relationship between nostalgia and contemporary heritage tourism. The collection of articles in this special issue provides theoretical, conceptual and empirical research on nostalgia and heritage tourism in different contexts. Hence, this editorial addresses the historical development of the term ‘nostalgia’ and examines the key themes in research on nostalgia and heritage tourism. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 8 March 2023 Accepted 12 March 2023 KEYWORDS Homesickness; migration; personal heritage; restorative nostalgia; reflective nostalgia Introduction Nostalgia is a concept that has long been integral to tourism and heritage. However, like both tour- ism and heritage, our understandings of what constitutes nostalgia and how it affects tourist motiv- ations and the desire to conserve and protect heritage have changed over time. Significantly, the concept of nostalgia has always had a close connection to travel and tourism. The concept of nostalgia was first introduced in 1699 by Swiss physician Johannes Hofer (1688/ 1934) to refer in medical terms to the adverse psychological and physiological symptoms shown by Swiss mercenaries who travelled overseas for business. Hofer (1688/1934) conceptualized nostalgia as a medical or neurological disease. He termed nostalgia ‘a cerebral disease’ (1688/1934, p. 387) caused by ‘the quite continuous vibration of animal spirits through those fibers of the middle brain in which impressed traces of ideas of the Fatherland still cling’ (Hofer, 1688/1934, p. 384). In discussing travelling mercenaries, another physician, Scheuchzer, proposed that nostalgia was caused by ‘a sharp differential in atmospheric pressure causing excessive body pressurization, which in turn drove blood from the heart to the brain, thereby producing the observed affliction of sentiment’ (1735; cited in Davis, 1979, p. 2). In the nineteenth century, nostalgia came to be understood as a form ofmelancholia or depression, as opposed to a neurological disease (McCann, 1941; Rosen, 1975). Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, nostalgia remained to be conceptualized as a form of psychological disorder © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent. CONTACT C. Michael Hall michael.hall@canterbury.ac.nz JOURNAL OF HERITAGE TOURISM 2023, VOL. 18, NO. 3, 307–317 https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2023.2192875 http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1080/1743873X.2023.2192875&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2023-05-10 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7001-3884 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7734-4587 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ mailto:michael.hall@canterbury.ac.nz http://www.tandfonline.com and was referred to as a ‘mentally repressive compulsive disorder’ (Fodor, 1950, p. 25), and ‘a regres- sive manifestation closely related to the issue of loss, grief, incomplete mourning, and, finally, depression’ (Castelnuovo-Tedesco, 1980, p. 110). However, in the late twentieth century, the common conceptualization of nostalgia shifted yet again to being viewed as a sentimental longing for the past in which the desire to both experience and conserve heritage could be understood as a form of nostalgia (Gentry & Smith, 2019; Lowenthal, 2015). This has also been complemented in recent years by more of a response to the modern condition and the alienation arising from contemporary life embodied in a notion of a more simple past. AsWalden (2022, par.2) suggests, ‘A preference for how things used to be may be a symptom of nostalgia, but the underlying condition is not so simple.… The fact that we cite simplicity as the cardinal value of the past does hint at nostalgia’s true quarry.What we really seek in our nostalgic reveries, I want to suggest, is the inertness of the past.’ Linguistic representation of nostalgia goes back to Hofer (1688/1934), where he referred to ‘heimweh’, which is translated from German-Swiss as ‘homesickness’. In French terms, it is refered to as ‘maladie du pays’, meaning ‘disease of the native land’. Nostos is the Homeric Greek word for return or homecoming and algos for suffering. Walden (2022) uses the example of the return of Odysseus whose homecoming should have been welcoming, but instead, Odysseus discovers that Ithaca means one further labour to perform: ‘That’s the pain of nostalgia: the realization that the significance of the past, like everything else, is not something given to us, but something left for us to create’ (Walden, 2022, par. 10). The literal meaning of nostalgia, then, is the suffering caused by the yearning to return to one’s place of origin. Hofer’s interpretation of nostalgia has been questioned due to his philosophical assumptions holding a strong case for medical nosology, which is applicable in psychiatry, but not entirely in psychology (Batcho, 2013; Illbruck, 2012). There was a shift in interest in nostalgia in psychology, where nostalgia was linked to depression due to being homesick (Batcho, 1995). Homesickness has often been examined in relation to nostalgia because it implies psychological dis- tance and irretrievable loss (Sedikides et al., 2004). However, homesickness sometimes has a nega- tive connotation to it because there is a sense of negative experience of losing a home place (Chen et al., 2021), whereas nostalgia is usually associated with more positive emotions (Biskas et al., 2019; Lems, 2016; Sedikides et al., 2004). In tourism, nostalgia is significant for both individual and collective memories in relation to notions of diasporic and personal concepts of home as well as individual and shared identities, created memories and inert pasts (Bergs et al., 2020; Chi & Chi, 2020; Cho et al., 2021). As such there is sig- nificant overlap between nostalgia and heritage tourism, with tourism having even been regarded as responsible for the production of nostalgia via advertising and branding as well as more directly in the development of particular products and services (Leheny, 2022; Morgan Parmett, 2022; Winichakul, 1995; Wong & Ieong, 2019; Ye, 2021), what Hewison (1987) described as the ‘heritage industry’, especially in the context of post-industrial redevelopment. This introduction to the special issue addresses the relationship between nostalgia and contemporary heritage tourism from several differ- ent perspectives, identifying themes and issues taken up in some of the following papers. Nostalgia: common themes and conceptual developments The philosophical underpinnings and ontological and epistemological assumptions of nostalgia have been primarily developed from medicine and psychology. As a result, the conceptualization of nostalgia or nostalgia-related phenomena has historically been influenced by work linking mem- ory, identity, and temporality. Temporality and nostalgia Nostalgia is a type of phenomenon that exists in the emotional space between memory and identity (Holak & Havlena, 1998). This space is affected by how time is perceived and, therefore, the 308 A. EARL AND C. M. HALL phenomenological dimensions of nostalgia. The past, present and future of nostalgia imply tem- poral dimensions of the concept (Craik, 2002; Sedikides et al., 2008a). Nostalgia is regarded as being triggered by the past in two distinct ways (Biskas et al., 2019; Holak & Havlena, 1998). First, it is directly influenced by the context influencing the scale and scope of emotional relevance (Bryant et al., 2005; Holak & Havlena, 1992), that are ‘an outcome of emotional attachments cemen- ted with experience and memories related to places’ (Meier & Aytekin, 2019, p. 107) or objects or social-cultural expressions of the past. For example, Dimitriadou et al. (2019, p. 446) have given the example of country of origin labelling or association which is more than an ‘informational cue’ and ‘has symbolic and emotional relevance to consumers… , yielding a rich imagery with sensory, affec- tive, and ritual connotation’. Second, pre-nostalgia is viewed as a motivational factor of an individ- ual to act because of immediate awareness of missing something at the exact moment of loss, which occurs before the creation of a recallable memory (Mindich, 2016; Sedikides & Wildschut, 2016b). This requires a high level of awareness of self-identity. In order to evaluate what exactly will be missing, an individual needs to realize what is presently at a loss (Routledge et al., 2012). For Mind- ich (2016), the thing that is missed is specific to individuals at the pre-nostalgic phase and may be triggered by any cultural or social object that is at risk of being lost. Subramanian (2011), in describ- ing India’s vanishing vultures, described the feeling as an ache for something that will soon disap- pear but which is present for now. At a later stage and in light of subsequent environmental or socio-cultural change, such feelings may emerge into a shared or collective nostalgia: ‘nostalgia that is experienced in the context of a particular social identity or as a member of a certain group and pertains to events or objects related to this group’ (Dimitriadou et al., 2019, p. 446). An individual’s experience, whether pre-nostalgic or after a recallable memory has been created, impacts their actions in the present (Bryant et al., 2005; Routledge et al., 2011). Nostalgia’s association with distance is regarded as a triggering reaction to nostalgic emotions according to the significance of the memory (Frow, 1991). This situation impacts how the perceived emotional distance is measured. For example, a positive memory of past business travel has more distance for an individual than the memory of losing a loved one. When an individual experiences a memory, the distance they experi- ence is linked to spatial and temporal factors of nostalgia, which can create emotional distance. This space–time relationship is chronological and ‘cannot be separated from events and vice versa’ (Bemong & Borghart, 2010, p. 4). Events imply past experiences that create memories and shape human future experiences (Holquist, 2010). Being distant in the present is influenced by pre-nostalgic action that creates specific memories that can help to predict future behaviour (Abeyta et al., 2015). Existing literature has emphasized the influence of nostalgic memories on future behaviour (Holquist, 2010). Nostalgia has long been associated with having a positive impact on future experi- ence (Cheung et al., 2013, 2017). Perceptions of a positive future are intrinsically embedded in the ability of individuals to give shape and meaning to longing for the past (Boym, 2001). Positive nos- talgic behaviour can help consumers select their preferences (Schindler & Holbrook, 2003), creates meaning (Sedikides et al., 2017), and has positive health benefits and psychological effects (Biskas et al., 2019; Kersten et al., 2016; Sedikides &Wildschut, 2016a, 2016b). Furthermore, being aware of nostalgic emotions can help to make more educated decisions in the future (Abeyta et al., 2015) and remain goal-focused (Peetz & Wilson, 2008). Nevertheless, Sedikides and Wildschut (2022) suggest that across different cultures, nostalgia serves three main functions: it elevates social connectedness (in terms of a sense of belonging and acceptance), it provides meaning in life (with respect to it being significant, purposeful, and coherent), and provides self-continuity (in terms of a connection between past and present selves). For enhancing the positive impact of space–time relationship on nostalgic emotions, increased self-awareness of past, present and future is important. This can be achieved by focusing on restorative and reflective nostalgia (Boym, 2001). ‘Restorative nostalgia manifests itself in total reconstructions of monuments of the past, while reflective nostalgia lingers on ruins, the patina of time and history, in the dreams of another place and another time’ (Boym, 2001, p. 95). These categorizations provide a guiding point for defining the meaning of ‘longing’ and an objective JOURNAL OF HERITAGE TOURISM 309 view of the relationship between past actions, present feelings and future predictions (Boym, 2001; Craik, 2002). Migration and nostalgia Nostalgia has also been examined in relation to labour movement and migrant identity (Barcus & Shugatai, 2022; Sonn et al., 2017). Historically, the motivations for migration have been associated with leaving and losing homes and making a new destination a home (Chen et al., 2021). Immi- grants may have an idealized perception of past experience, which has a negative impact on their experience in the home environment (Duncan et al., 2012). The concept of nostalgia has been applied to the migration process by examining the implications of displacement and the personal and political challenges of homemaking (Sonn et al., 2017). The challenges of displacement during migration affect identity construction and negotiating to belong in the new country (Milligan, 2003; Sonn et al., 2017). Nostalgia usually occurs after displacement and associated identity discontinuity as individuals develop a sense of regaining self and collective identities (Davis, 1979; Milligan, 2003). Nostalgia can also increase self-esteem and personal morality, which impacts self-identity (Routledge et al., 2008; Wildschut et al., 2006). The notion of collective identities is developed from the psychological feeling of building strong social ties with people with the same values and experiences and can help individuals increase their self-worth and enhance self-continuity (Barcus & Shugatai, 2022; Van Tilburg et al., 2018; Van Tilburg et al., 2019). Nostalgia can therefore help the settlement process among migrants by developing emotional connectedness to the new place and culture (Bandyopadhyay, 2008; Sonn et al., 2017) and can be used as a strategy to shape spaces for belonging in a new place (Bhatia, 2007; Georgiou, 2013; Naficy, 2013). Effects of nostalgia The experience of social connectedness can help create a sense of belonging in a new place (Kim, 2005; Wildschut et al., 2006) by strengthening social bonds and reducing the sense of lone- liness (Wildschut et al., 2010; Zhou et al., 2008). Developing relationships with like-minded people at a new location or country helps the integration process into the new culture. However, aspects of the past may be lost in the new sense of self-identity, which may affect self-awareness, self-worth and self-esteem, which shape the nostalgic experience (Juhl et al., 2020). In some cases, nostalgia may even have a negative impact by turning a pleasant experience in the past into negative emotions in the present (Verplanken, 2012). Nevertheless, `nostalgia can have a buffering effect of existential threats (Harper, 1966; Juhl et al., 2010) and is regarded as having the capacity to increase meaning in life (Routledge et al., 2012; Sedi- kides et al., 2017; Van Tilburg et al., 2018). When the value of ‘meaning’ is challenged, individuals may turn to past experiences to counter these threats (Routledge et al., 2011) and help engender feelings of security (Hepper et al., 2012). Hence, nostalgia may have a regulative effect on migrant well-being and ability to adjust to a new home environment (Biskas et al., 2019; Sedikides et al., 2015) while, over time, it may also become a significant driver for promoting return travel to the old home country (Georgiou, 2013; Naficy, 2013) or to retain connectivity to previously significant places in someone’s life, i.e. where one went to school, where one grew up, or had a romantic relationship (Chen et al., 2021; Hall, 2005). Potentially reflecting what Graburn (1995, p. 166) described as travelling ‘with a wish for the past.’ Nostalgia and tourism Nostalgia has long been recognized as an important factor in the consumption and production of tourism (Hewison, 1987). However, the relationship between nostalgia and tourism is complex, 310 A. EARL AND C. M. HALL with its explanatory power of nostalgia as a tourist motivation predominantly focusing on tourism at cultural heritage sites (Dann, 1995; Park et al., 2018). Hence, heritage tourism is the most com- mon theoretical lens through which the relationships between nostalgia and tourism and related notions, such as nostalgia tourism, are explored (Caton & Santos, 2007; Kim, 2005; Newland & Tay- lor, 2010). For example, nostalgia has been associated with historical events in heritage tourism by examining relationships between socio-cultural conditions and heritage tourism institutions (Kim, 2005). The events or experiences of the past can shape travellers’ perceptions and experiences of a destination (Bandyopadhyay, 2008). However, a destination environment is subject to change over time, hence nostalgia can have a significant influence on the gap between the perception of a des- tination and contemporary realities (Hall & Page, 2014), which can also affect satisfaction levels (Sæþórsdóttir & Hall, 2020). Nostalgia is also linked to cultural tourism because of the historical dimensions of culture (Rus- sell, 2008). The nostalgic tourist segment is regarded as being driven by a desire to fulfil self-identity, which is crucial for the positive effects of nostalgia on individual experience (Batcho, 2013; Juhl et al., 2020). It has been argued that there are two types of nostalgic tourists: real and historical. A real nostalgic tourist seeks to revisit their past cultural setting and relive personal past experi- ences, as here, nostalgia represents ‘a sentimental or bittersweet yearning for an experience, pro- duct, or service from the past’ (Baker & Kennedy, 1994, p. 169). In contrast, an historical nostalgic tourist seeks to visit a cultural environment that has been indirectly conveyed to them through marketing and advertising (e.g. movies, books, stories), which creates an idealized percep- tion of a destination (Smith & Campbell, 2017; Stern, 1992). However, a third intermediate category can also be offered in which individuals seek to revisit a setting that has been passed down via stories within the family or other significant individuals and is, therefore, an intergenerational cultural set- ting; what is sometimes termed ‘roots tourism’ or genealogical tourism (Higginbotham, 2012; Men- sah, 2015; Pelliccia, 2018). Nevertheless, the nostalgic experience of all these categories of tourists can differ based on their pre-determined expectations. For example, a real nostalgic tourist can experience pre-nostalgia and hence be more aware of missing something at the moment of loss (Mindich, 2016; Sedikides &Wildschut, 2016b). This creates a positive nostalgic experience because recallable memory is not created. A historical nostalgic tourist’s experience can be both positive and negative depending on the expectations that they created based on indirect means of communi- cation and whether these have been acceded or not (Bandyopadhyay, 2008; Kim et al., 2019). Yet, regardless of the reason for the sense of nostalgia, it creates meaning for tourists. Nostalgia plays an important part in forming a destination image and experiential value before an individual experiences a destination. The relationship between destination image and experien- tial value influences future visit intention (Leong et al., 2015). This creates the value of meaning for a destination and can impact tourist nostalgic experience (Schindler & Holbrook, 2003). Ideally, this experience should fulfil a tourist’s desire for authentic cultural and heritage tourism experiences (Russell, 2008). The common assumption that underpins the existence of nostalgia is some degree of dissatisfaction with the present, which is believed to encourage tourists to engage with the past because it is associated with positive memories (Hewison, 1987). However, in tourism studies, it is often assumed that positive present experiences can also initiate positive nostalgic experiences as a result of the desire for authentic tourism experiences (Russell, 2008). Whether the experience is negative or positive, it is impacted by the perceptions that tourists have of the destination, tourism products or services which are being consumed (Grayson & Martinec, 2004; Li et al., 2019) and which can significantly impact future experience (Smith & Campbell, 2017). The relationship between tourism and migration has been explored in relation to strategic nostal- gia. Producing nostalgia goods for migrants has been viewed as a tactic to develop customized experi- ences for heritage tourists (Newland & Taylor, 2010). Furthermore, nostalgia has been used to develop tourists’ sense of attachment to hotel brands (Li et al., 2019). Attachment influences the choice of a service provider because travellers can trust in a provider due to familiarity (Li et al., 2020). Although nostalgia can be viewed as a strategic motivating factor, it is still an emotion that is triggered by past JOURNAL OF HERITAGE TOURISM 311 experiences. Interestingly, when nostalgia is examined in relation to migration, it is linked to relation- ships with the community in a new place (Sonn et al., 2017), however this is somewhat different when talking about tourism because to develop these relations, one may have to be a long-term traveller in order to develop nostalgia (Newland & Taylor, 2010). Hence, different types of tourists will have different nostalgic experiences, depending on their past experiences. The academic inquiry into nostalgia-related tourism has been examined through such topics as the experience of a tourist; the perception of a tourist; the effect of nostalgia in branding, advertis- ing, and marketing of tourism sites; personal nostalgia and historical nostalgia (Dann, 1995; Kim, 2005; Kim et al., 2019; Li et al., 2019; Vesey & Dimanche, 2003). However, an integrative under- standing of nostalgia and its relationships with different aspects of tourism is still lacking. In this special issue, the studies provide theoretical and empirical insights into the relationships between nostalgia and tourism. Peirson (2023) engages with the importance of place in understanding nostalgia when she exam- ines the collective nostalgia associated with the sense of place of the Kent seaside resort of Folkstone. As she notes, the nostalgic image of the English seaside resort continues to influence the town’s future. Interestingly, it stands in contrast with other nearby coastal towns, such as Margate, that have sought to reinvigorate their tourism products by adopting new art and cultural products while still retaining some elements of the traditional seaside experience. Adie and de Bernardi (2023) also engage strongly with place, but in this case, the sense of place being lost or substantially altered because of disaster. In their study of second homeowners in Ocean Beach, New York, they note the grey area between personal and collective memories, what they describe as meso-nostalgia. Interestingly with respect to place attachment in the second home landscape, they observe a marked difference between respondents with inherited second homes and those who had purchased them, indicating, as noted above, the significance of home stories being passed through generations. In their study of SuNuraxi, aWorldHeritage site in Sardinia, Italy, Prayag andDelChiappa (2023) found that for both domestic and international visitors nostalgia can be triggered by both positive (astonishment and gratitude) and negative (guilt and disappointment) emotions while perceived authenticity was not found to be a strong predictor. Interestingly, they found no statistically signifi- cant difference between domestic and international visitors in terms of their felt nostalgia upon visit- ing. Novoa (2023) also engages in issues of nostalgia and the representation of collective memory in relation to heritage tourism in the formermining town of Lota, Chile. In this setting, nostalgia is seen as a means of challenging official heritage discourse, and she raises the importance of gendered nos- talgia and the under-considered role of female narratives in studies of nostalgia in tourism. Finally, Duda (2023) examines Pripyat in Ukraine, an abandoned city close to the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, which has now started to function as a tourist site. She notes that photography actively pro- cesses the making of heritage and via tourist photography, the heritage is ‘reframed’ and domesti- cated. In her study, the tourist gaze on Pripyat was analysed through four categories: must-see places, tourist performativity behaviours, the acts and ruin photos, which all serve to reinforce the direct relationship between the tourist imagination, photography, and heritage. The papers in this special issue, therefore, shed new perspectives on the relationship between heritage, tourism and nostalgia and highlight the intersections between individual and collective memories. Although nostalgia is not uniquely a feature of the modern, its use in tourism and pro- duct marketing and branding highlights its commoditisation and the creation of imagined nostal- gias. Nevertheless, as this review and special issue highlights, nostalgia will also continue to have a strong personal and positive function as both a travel motive and as a way of understanding and negotiating personal and collective identities in a rapidly changing world. Conclusion This special issue highlights the importance of collective and individual nostalgia in relation to heri- tage tourism as well as wider concerns over the relationship between tourism and sense of place. 312 A. EARL AND C. M. HALL Research shows that nostalgia is the product of understandings of the past, present and future (Craik, 2002; Sedikides et al., 2008a), however, many heritage studies remain single-shot assess- ments, and there is a clear need for longitudinal studies that can help to capture the temporal effect of nostalgia and change over time including with respect to both place and its consumption (Sæþórsdóttir & Hall, 2020). In addition, there is a need to examine meso-nostalgia in more detail. Much of the existing research focuses on the experience of an individual or migrating group of tour- ists (collective); however, as Adie and de Bernardi (2023) argue that the grey line in between needs further examination because individual experiences and collective experiences can be influenced by each other. Finally, nostalgia needs to be positioned within a wider cultural context. Understandings of the past, both personal and collective, do not occur outside of the specific cultural context(s) they have developed in. Turner (1987) suggested that some cultures may be more prone to feelings of nostal- gia than others, while Sedikides and Wildschut (2022) find significant similarities between cultures although they note, ‘Future research on nostalgia would benefit by taking into account specific dimensions of individualism/collectivism’ (p. 11). Yet the emotion has only received limited atten- tion in cross-cultural studies while it clearly remains a potentially important driver for international tourism, especially in migrant communities and in those travellers seeking personal and collective histories and memories. Therefore, while the collection of papers in this special issue offers some preliminary directions in future research on the relationship between tourism and nostalgia, there is clearly much ground that could be covered by future researchers. Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). ORCID Anna Earl http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7001-3884 C. Michael Hall http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7734-4587 References Abeyta, A., Routledge, C., & Juhl, J. (2015). Looking back to move forward: Nostalgia as a psychological resource for promoting relationship goals and overcoming relationship challenges. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 109(6), 1029–1044. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000036 Adie, B. A., & de Bernardi, C. (2023). ‘Oh my god what is happening?’: Historic second home communities and post- disaster nostalgia. Journal of Heritage Tourism, https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2020.1828429 Baker, S. M., & Kennedy, P. F. (1994). Death by nostalgia: A diagnosis of context-specific cases. In C. T. Allen, & D. R. John (Eds.), Advances in consumer research (Vol. 21, pp. 169–174). Association for Consumer Research. Bandyopadhyay, R. (2008). Nostalgia, identity and tourism:Bollywood in the Indian diaspora. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 6(2), 79–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766820802140463 Barcus, H. R., & Shugatai, A. (2022). The role of nostalgia in (re) creating place attachments for a diasporic commu- nity. Geographical Review, 112(1), 103–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/00167428.2020.1852406 Batcho, K. I. (1995). Nostalgia: A psychological perspective. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 80(1), 131–143. https://doi. org/10.2466/pms.1995.80.1.131 Batcho, K. I. (2013). Nostalgia: The bittersweet history of a psychological concept. History of Psychology, 16(3), 165. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032427 Bemong, N., & Borghart, P. (2010). State of the art. In N. Bemong, P. Borghart, M. De Dobbeleer, & K. Demoen (Eds.), Bakhtin’s theory of the literary chronotope: Reflections, applications, perspectives (pp. 3–16). Ginko Academia. Bergs, Y., Mitas, O., Smit, B., & Nawijn, J. (2020). Anticipatory nostalgia in experience design. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(22), 2798–2810. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1669539 Bhatia, S. (2007). Rethinking culture and identity in psychology: Towards a transnational cultural psychology. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 27–28(2-1), 301–321. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0091298 JOURNAL OF HERITAGE TOURISM 313 http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7001-3884 http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7734-4587 https://doi.org/10.1037/pspi0000036 https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2020.1828429 https://doi.org/10.1080/14766820802140463 https://doi.org/10.1080/00167428.2020.1852406 https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.80.1.131 https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1995.80.1.131 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032427 https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1669539 https://doi.org/10.1037/h0091298 Biskas, M., Cheung, W.-Y., Juhl, J., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., & Hepper, E. G. (2019). A prologue to nostalgia: Savoring creates nostalgic memories that foster optimism. Cognition and Emotion, 33(3), 417–427. https://doi. org/10.1080/02699931.2018.1458705 Boym, S. (2001). The future of nostalgia. Basic Books. Bryant, F. B., Smart, C. M., & King, S. P. (2005). Using the past to enhance the present: Boosting happiness through positive reminiscence. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6(3), 227–260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-005-3889-4 Castelnuovo-Tedesco, P. (1980). Reminiscence and nostalgia: The pleasure and pain of remembering. In S. I. Greenspan & G. H. Pollack (Eds.), Adulthood and the aging process: Vol. III. The course of life: Psychoanalytic con- tributions toward understanding personality development (Vol. III, pp. 104–118). U.S. Government Printing Office. Caton, K., & Santos, C. A. (2007). Heritage tourism on Route 66: Deconstructing nostalgia. Journal of Travel Research, 45(4), 371–386. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507299572 Chen, N. C., Hall, C. M., & Prayag, G. (2021). Sense of place and place attachment in tourism. Routledge. Cheung, W.-Y., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2017). Nostalgia proneness and reduced prejudice. Personality and Individual Differences, 109, 89–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.045 Cheung, W. Y., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Hepper, E. G., Arndt, J., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2013). Back to the future: Nostalgia increases optimism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 39(11), 1484–1496. https://doi. org/10.1177/0146167213499187 Chi, O. H., & Chi, C. G. (2020). Reminiscing other people’s memories: Conceptualizing and measuring vicarious nos- talgia evoked by heritage tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 61(1), 33–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0047287520969904 Cho, H., Chiu, W., & Tan, X. D. (2021). Travel overseas for a game: The effect of nostalgia on satellite fans’ psycho- logical commitment, subjective well-being, and travel intention. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(10), 1418–1434. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1792857 Craik, F. I. (2002). Levels of processing: Past, present… and future? Memory (Hove, England), 10(5-6), 305–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210244000135 Dann, G. M. (1995). Tourism: The nostalgia industry of the future. In W. F. Theobold (Ed.), Global tourism: The next decade (pp. 55–67). Butterworth-Heinemann. Davis, F. (1979). Yearning for yesterday: A sociology of nostalgia. Free Press. Dimitriadou, M., Maciejovsky, B., Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2019). Collective nostalgia and domestic country bias. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 25(3), 445–457. https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000209 Duda, A. (2023). Tourist photography and heritage. The case of the abandoned city of Pripyat. Journal of Heritage Tourism, https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2022.2161907 Duncan, N., Stevens, G., & Sonn, C. C. (2012). Of narratives and nostalgia. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 18(3), 205–213. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029533 Fodor, N. (1950). Varieties of nostalgia. The Psychoanalytic Review, 37, 25–38. Frow, J. A. (1991). Tourism and the semiotics of nostalgia. October, 57, 123–151. https://doi.org/10.2307/778875 Gentry, K., & Smith, L. (2019). Critical heritage studies and the legacies of the late-twentieth century heritage canon. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 25(11), 1148–1168. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2019.1570964 Georgiou, M. (2013). Between strategic nostalgia and banal nomadism: Explorations of transnational subjectivity among Arab audiences. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 16(1), 23–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1367877912441429 Graburn, N. (1995). Tourism, modernity and nostalgia. In A. Ahmed, & C. Shore (Eds.), The future of anthropology: Its relevance to the contemporary world (pp. 158–178). Athlone Press. Grayson, K., &Martinec, R. (2004). Consumer perceptions of iconicity and indexicality and their influence on assess- ments of authentic market offerings. Journal of Consumer Research, 31(2), 296–312. https://doi.org/10.1086/ 422109 Hall, C. M. (2005). Tourism: Rethinking the social science of mobility. Pearson. Hall, C. M., & Page, S. J. (2014). The geography of tourism and recreation: Environment, place and space (4th edn.). Routledge. Harper, R. (1966). Nostalgia: An existential exploration of longing and fulfillment in the modern age. The Press of Western Reserve University. Hepper, E. G., Ritchie, T. D., Sedikides, C., &Wildschut, T. (2012). Odyssey’s end: Lay conceptions of nostalgia reflect its original Homeric meaning. Emotion, 12(1), 102–119. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025167 Hewison, R. (1987). The heritage industry: Britain in a climate of decline. Methuen. Higginbotham, G. (2012). Seeking roots and tracing lineages: Constructing a framework of reference for roots and genealogical tourism. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 7(3), 189–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2012.669765 Hofer, J. (1934). Medical dissertation on nostalgia (C. K. Anspach, Trans.). Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 2, 376– 391. (Original work published 1688). Holak, S. L., & Havlena, W. J. (1992). Nostalgia: An exploratory study of themes and emotions in the nostalgic experi- ence. Advances in Consumer Research, 19(1), 380–387. 314 A. EARL AND C. M. HALL https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2018.1458705 https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2018.1458705 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-005-3889-4 https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287507299572 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.12.045 https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213499187 https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213499187 https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520969904 https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520969904 https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1792857 https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210244000135 https://doi.org/10.1037/xap0000209 https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2022.2161907 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029533 https://doi.org/10.2307/778875 https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2019.1570964 https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877912441429 https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877912441429 https://doi.org/10.1086/422109 https://doi.org/10.1086/422109 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025167 https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2012.669765 Holak, S. L., & Havlena, W. J. (1998). Feelings, fantasies, and memories: An examination of the emotional com- ponents of nostalgia. Journal of Business Research, 42(3), 217–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963 (97)00119-7 Holquist, M. (2010). The fugue of chronotope. In N. Bemong, P. Borghart, M. De Dobbeleer, & K. Demoen (Eds.), Bakhtin’s theory of the literary chronotope: Reflections, applications, perspectives (pp. 19–34). Ginko Academia. Illbruck, H. (2012). Nostalgia: Origins and ends of an unenlightened disease. Northwestern University Press. Juhl, J., Routledge, C., Arndt, J., Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2010). Fighting the future with the past: Nostalgia buffers existential threat. Journal of Research in Personality, 44(3), 309–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2010. 02.006 Juhl, J., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Diebel, T., Cheung, W. Y., & Vingerhoets, A. J. (2020). Nostalgia proneness and empathy: Generality, underlying mechanism, and implications for prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality, 88 (3), 485–500. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12505 Kersten, M., Cox, C. R., & Van Enkevort, E. A. (2016). An exercise in nostalgia: Nostalgia promotes health optimism and physical activity. Psychology & Health, 31(10), 1166–1181. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2016.1185524 Kim, H. (2005). Research note: Nostalgia and tourism. Tourism Analysis, 10(1), 85–88. https://doi.org/10.3727/ 1083542054547912 Kim, S., Kim, S., & Petrick, J. F. (2019). The effect of film nostalgia on involvement, familiarity, and behavioral inten- tions. Journal of Travel Research, 58(2), 283–297. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517746015 Leheny, D. (2022). The loss of nostalgia, not the nostalgia of loss. In N. Murai, J. Kingston, & T. Burrett (Eds.), Japan in the Heisei era (1989–2019): Multidisciplinary perspectives (pp. 316–327). Routledge. Lems, A. (2016). Ambiguous longings: Nostalgia as the interplay among self, time and world. Critique of Anthropology, 36(4), 419–438. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275X16654549 Leong, M., Yeh, S., & Chang, L. (2015). Nostalgic tourism in Macau: The bidirectional causal relationship between destination image and experiential value. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 6(1), 89–99. https://doi. org/10.1108/JHTT-02-2015-0010 Li, M. W., Teng, H. Y., & Chen, C. Y. (2020). Unlocking the customer engagement-brand loyalty relationship in tour- ism social media: The roles of brand attachment and customer trust. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 44, 184–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.06.015 Li, Y., Lu, C., Bogicevic, V., & Bujisic, M. (2019). The effect of nostalgia on hotel brand attachment. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(2), 691–717. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-12-2017-0797 Lowenthal, D. (2015). The past is a foreign country-revisited. Cambridge University Press. Mccann, W. H. (1941). Nostalgia: A review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 38(3), 165–182. https://doi.org/10. 1037/h0057354 Meier, L., & Aytekin, E. A. (2019). Transformed landscapes and a transnational identity of class: Narratives on (post-) industrial landscapes in Europe. International Sociology, 34(1), 99–116. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0268580918812278 Mensah, I. (2015). The roots tourism experience of diaspora Africans: A focus on the Cape Coast and Elmina Castles. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 10(3), 213–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2014.990974 Milligan, M. J. (2003). Displacement and identity discontinuity: The role of nostalgia in establishing new identity categories. Symbolic Interaction, 26(3), 381–403. https://doi.org/10.1525/si.2003.26.3.381 Mindich, B. (2016). Reflecting on the past, understanding the present, and controlling the future: Pre-nostalgia and its impact on memory, temporality, and identity as represented in classic films from the 1980s. Dartmouth College. Morgan Parmett, H. (2022). Longing for a lost New York: Place and televisual nostalgia in The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel. GeoJournal, 87(S1), 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-022-10653-0 Naficy, H. (2013). Home, exile, homeland: Film, media, and the politics of place. Routledge. Newland, K., & Taylor, C. (2010). Heritage tourism and nostalgia trade: A diaspora niche in the development land- scape. Migration Policy Institute. Novoa, M. (2023). Gendered nostalgia: Grassroots heritage tourism and (de)industrialization in Lota, Chile. Journal of Heritage Tourism, https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2020.1867561 Park, S., Hwang, D., Lee, W. S., & Heo, J. (2018). Influence of nostalgia on authenticity, satisfaction, and revisit inten- tion: The case of Jidong mural alley in Korea. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 21 (4), 440–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2018.1511497 Peetz, J., & Wilson, A. E. (2008). The temporally extended self: The relation of past and future selves to current iden- tity, motivation, and goal pursuit. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(6), 2090–2106. https://doi.org/10. 1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00150.x Peirson, E. (2023). Remembering Folkestone: collective nostalgia and sense of place in the English seaside resort. Journal of Heritage Tourism, https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2022.2043332 Pelliccia, A. (2018). In the family home: Roots tourism among Greek second generation in Italy. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(18), 2108–2123. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2016.1237480 Prayag, G., & Del Chiappa, G. (2023). Nostalgic feelings: Motivation, positive and negative emotions, and authen- ticity at heritage sites. Journal of Heritage Tourism, https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2021.1874000 JOURNAL OF HERITAGE TOURISM 315 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(97)00119-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(97)00119-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2010.02.006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2010.02.006 https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12505 https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2016.1185524 https://doi.org/10.3727/1083542054547912 https://doi.org/10.3727/1083542054547912 https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287517746015 https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275X16654549 https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTT-02-2015-0010 https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTT-02-2015-0010 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.06.015 https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-12-2017-0797 https://doi.org/10.1037/h0057354 https://doi.org/10.1037/h0057354 https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580918812278 https://doi.org/10.1177/0268580918812278 https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2014.990974 https://doi.org/10.1525/si.2003.26.3.381 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-022-10653-0 https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2020.1867561 https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2018.1511497 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00150.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2008.00150.x https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2022.2043332 https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2016.1237480 https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2021.1874000 Rosen, G. (1975). Nostalgia: A “forgotten” psychological disorder. In L. E. King (Ed.), Clio Medica. Acta Academiae Internationalis Historiae Medicinae (Vol. 10, pp. 29–51). https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004418226_003 Routledge, C., Arndt, J., Sedikides, C., &Wildschut, T. (2008). A blast from the past: The terror management function of nostalgia. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(1), 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2006.11.001 Routledge, C., Arndt, J., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Hart, C., Juhl, J., Vingerhoets, A. J., & Scholtz, W. (2011). The past makes the present meaningful: Nostalgia as an existential resource. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(3), 638–652. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024292 Routledge, C., Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Juhl, J., & Arndt, J. (2012). The power of the past: Nostalgia as a meaning- making resource. Memory (Hove, England), 20(5), 452–460. https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2012.677452 Russell, D. W. (2008). Nostalgic tourism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 25(2), 103–116. https://doi.org/10. 1080/10548400802402271 Scheuchzer, J. J. (1735). Naturgeschichte des Schweizerlandes. Zurich. Schindler, R. M., & Holbrook, M. B. (2003). Nostalgia for early experience as a determinant of consumer preferences. Psychology and Marketing, 20(4), 275–302. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.10074 Sæþórsdóttir, A. D., & Hall, C. M. (2020). Visitor satisfaction in wilderness in times of overtourism: A longitudinal study. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(1), 123–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1817050 Sedikides, C., Cheung, W. Y., Wildschut, T., Hepper, E. G., Baldursson, E., & Pedersen, B. (2017). Nostalgia motivates pursuit of important goals by increasing meaning in life. European Journal of Social Psychology, 48(2), 209–216. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2318 Sedikides, C., &Wildschut, T. (2016a). Nostalgia: A bittersweet emotion that confers psychological health benefits. In A. M. Wood, & J. Johnson (Eds.), Wiley handbook of positive clinical psychology (pp. 25–136). Wiley. Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2016b). Past forward: Nostalgia as a motivational force. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(5), 319–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.01.008 Sedikides, C., & Wildschut, T. (2022). Nostalgia across cultures. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 16, 1–16. https:// doi.org/10.1177/18344909221091649 Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Arndt, J., & Routledge, C. (2008a). Nostalgia: Past, present, and future. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 17(5), 304–307. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00595.x Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., & Baden, D. (2004). Nostalgia: Conceptual issues and existential functions. In J. Greenberg, S. Koole, & T. Pyszczynski (Eds.), Handbook of experimental existential psychology (pp. 200–214). Guilford Press. Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., Routledge, C., Arndt, J., Hepper, E. G., & Zhou, X. (2015). To nostalgize: Mixing mem- ory with affect and desire. In J. M. Olson & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 51, pp. 189–273). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2014.10.001 Smith, L., & Campbell, G. (2017). ‘Nostalgia for the future’: Memory, nostalgia and the politics of class. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 23(7), 612–627. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2017.1321034 Sonn, C. C., Ivey, G., Baker, A., & Meyer, K. (2017). Post-Apartheid South African immigrants in Australia: Negotiating displacement, identity, and belonging. Qualitative Psychology, 4(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1037/ qup0000039 Stern, B. (1992). Historical and personal nostalgia in advertising text: The fin de siècle effect. Journal of Advertising, 21 (4), 11–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1992.10673382 Subramanian, M. (2011). India’s vanishing vultures. The Virginia Quarterly Review, 87(2), 28–47. Turner, B. S. (1987). A note on nostalgia. Theory, Culture & Society, 4(1), 147–156. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 026327687004001008 Van Tilburg, W. A., Wildschut, T., & Sedikides, C. (2018). Nostalgia’s place among self-relevant emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 32(4), 742–759. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2017.1351331 Van Tilburg, W. A. P., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, T., & Vingerhoets, A. J. J. M. (2019). How nostalgia infuses life with meaning: From social connectedness to self- continuity. European Journal of Social Psychology, 49(3), 521–532. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2519 Verplanken, B. (2012). When bittersweet turns sour: Adverse effects of nostalgia on habitual worriers. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(3), 285–289. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1852 Vesey, C., & Dimanche, F. (2003). From Storyville to Bourbon Street: Vice, nostalgia and tourism. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 1(1), 54–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766820308668159 Walden, K. (2022). The paradoxes of nostalgia. The Raven, A Magazine of Philosophy, Spring, https://ravenmagazine. org/magazine/the-paradoxes-of-nostalgia/?fbclid = IwAR3D96FJOVerVEFCH_ RRtQPvAPTRLfvLA22hmyedHgguhhwA2iRYT6dK_3s Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Arndt, J., & Routledge, C. (2006). Nostalgia: Content, triggers, functions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(5), 975. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.975 Wildschut, T., Sedikides, C., Routledge, C., Arndt, J., & Cordaro, F. (2010). Nostalgia as a repository of social con- nectedness: The role of attachment-related avoidance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 573– 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0017597 316 A. EARL AND C. M. HALL https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004418226_003 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2006.11.001 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024292 https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2012.677452 https://doi.org/10.1080/10548400802402271 https://doi.org/10.1080/10548400802402271 https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.10074 https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1817050 https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2318 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2016.01.008 https://doi.org/10.1177/18344909221091649 https://doi.org/10.1177/18344909221091649 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00595.x https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2014.10.001 https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2017.1321034 https://doi.org/10.1037/qup0000039 https://doi.org/10.1037/qup0000039 https://doi.org/10.1080/00913367.1992.10673382 https://doi.org/10.1177/026327687004001008 https://doi.org/10.1177/026327687004001008 https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2017.1351331 https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2519 https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.1852 https://doi.org/10.1080/14766820308668159 https://ravenmagazine.org/magazine/the-paradoxes-of-nostalgia/?fbclid=IwAR3D96FJOVerVEFCH_RRtQPvAPTRLfvLA22hmyedHgguhhwA2iRYT6dK_3s https://ravenmagazine.org/magazine/the-paradoxes-of-nostalgia/?fbclid=IwAR3D96FJOVerVEFCH_RRtQPvAPTRLfvLA22hmyedHgguhhwA2iRYT6dK_3s https://ravenmagazine.org/magazine/the-paradoxes-of-nostalgia/?fbclid=IwAR3D96FJOVerVEFCH_RRtQPvAPTRLfvLA22hmyedHgguhhwA2iRYT6dK_3s https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.91.5.975 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0017597 Winichakul, T. (1995). The changing landscape of the past: New histories in Thailand since 1973. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 26(1), 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463400010511 Wong, C. U. I., & Ieong, S. S. M. A. (2019). Nostalgic tourism ain’t what it used to be: What makes a destination engender nostalgia? Critical Tourism Studies Proceedings, Pride and Prejudice—Querying Tourism Hope, June 24–28, 2019. Ibiza, Spain. Ye, X. (2021). Making post-colonial place identity: The regeneration of the St Lazarus neighbourhood, Macau. Open House International, 46(1), 114–129. https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-06-2020-0068 Zhou, X., Sedikides, C., Wildschut, C., & Gao, D.-G. (2008). Counteracting loneliness: On the restorative function of nostalgia. Psychological Science, 19(10), 1023–1029. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02194.x JOURNAL OF HERITAGE TOURISM 317 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022463400010511 https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-06-2020-0068 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02194.x Abstract Introduction Nostalgia: common themes and conceptual developments Temporality and nostalgia Migration and nostalgia Effects of nostalgia Nostalgia and tourism Conclusion Disclosure statement ORCID References << /ASCII85EncodePages false /AllowTransparency false /AutoPositionEPSFiles false /AutoRotatePages /PageByPage /Binding /Left /CalGrayProfile () /CalRGBProfile (Adobe RGB \0501998\051) /CalCMYKProfile (U.S. Web Coated \050SWOP\051 v2) /sRGBProfile (sRGB IEC61966-2.1) /CannotEmbedFontPolicy /Error /CompatibilityLevel 1.3 /CompressObjects /Off /CompressPages true /ConvertImagesToIndexed true /PassThroughJPEGImages false /CreateJobTicket false /DefaultRenderingIntent /Default /DetectBlends true /DetectCurves 0.1000 /ColorConversionStrategy /sRGB /DoThumbnails true /EmbedAllFonts true /EmbedOpenType false /ParseICCProfilesInComments true /EmbedJobOptions true /DSCReportingLevel 0 /EmitDSCWarnings false /EndPage -1 /ImageMemory 524288 /LockDistillerParams true /MaxSubsetPct 100 /Optimize true /OPM 1 /ParseDSCComments false /ParseDSCCommentsForDocInfo true /PreserveCopyPage true /PreserveDICMYKValues true /PreserveEPSInfo false /PreserveFlatness true /PreserveHalftoneInfo false /PreserveOPIComments false /PreserveOverprintSettings false /StartPage 1 /SubsetFonts true /TransferFunctionInfo /Remove /UCRandBGInfo /Remove /UsePrologue false /ColorSettingsFile () /AlwaysEmbed [ true ] /NeverEmbed [ true ] /AntiAliasColorImages false /CropColorImages true /ColorImageMinResolution 150 /ColorImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleColorImages true /ColorImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /ColorImageResolution 300 /ColorImageDepth -1 /ColorImageMinDownsampleDepth 1 /ColorImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeColorImages true /ColorImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterColorImages false /ColorImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /ColorACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.90 /HSamples [2 1 1 2] /VSamples [2 1 1 2] >> /ColorImageDict << /QFactor 0.40 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000ColorACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 15 >> /JPEG2000ColorImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 15 >> /AntiAliasGrayImages false /CropGrayImages true /GrayImageMinResolution 150 /GrayImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleGrayImages true /GrayImageDownsampleType /Bicubic /GrayImageResolution 300 /GrayImageDepth -1 /GrayImageMinDownsampleDepth 2 /GrayImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeGrayImages true /GrayImageFilter /DCTEncode /AutoFilterGrayImages false /GrayImageAutoFilterStrategy /JPEG /GrayACSImageDict << /QFactor 0.90 /HSamples [2 1 1 2] /VSamples [2 1 1 2] >> /GrayImageDict << /QFactor 0.40 /HSamples [1 1 1 1] /VSamples [1 1 1 1] >> /JPEG2000GrayACSImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 15 >> /JPEG2000GrayImageDict << /TileWidth 256 /TileHeight 256 /Quality 15 >> /AntiAliasMonoImages false /CropMonoImages true /MonoImageMinResolution 1200 /MonoImageMinResolutionPolicy /OK /DownsampleMonoImages true /MonoImageDownsampleType /Average /MonoImageResolution 300 /MonoImageDepth -1 /MonoImageDownsampleThreshold 1.50000 /EncodeMonoImages true /MonoImageFilter /CCITTFaxEncode /MonoImageDict << /K -1 >> /AllowPSXObjects true /CheckCompliance [ /None ] /PDFX1aCheck false /PDFX3Check false /PDFXCompliantPDFOnly false /PDFXNoTrimBoxError true /PDFXTrimBoxToMediaBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXSetBleedBoxToMediaBox true /PDFXBleedBoxToTrimBoxOffset [ 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 ] /PDFXOutputIntentProfile (None) /PDFXOutputConditionIdentifier () /PDFXOutputCondition () /PDFXRegistryName () /PDFXTrapped /False /Description << /ENU () >> >> setdistillerparams << /HWResolution [600 600] /PageSize [595.245 841.846] >> setpagedevice