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Hei Whenua Ora: 
Hapii and iwi approaches for reinstating 
valued ecosystems within cultural landscape 
Susan Margaret Smith 
2007 
Hei Whenua Ora: 
Hapii and iwi approaches for reinstating 
valued ecosystems within cultural landscape 
A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements 
for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Maori Studies, 
at Massey University, Palmerston North, Aotearoa/New Zealand 
Susan Margaret Smith 
November 2007 
Contents 
ABSTRACT Vl 
HE MIHI Vlll 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IX 
LIST OF FIGURES x 
LIST OF TABLES XVll 
CHAPTER ONE 1 
The situation at Kuku motivates... 13 
Rationale for the thesis 17 
Action over coastal subdivision 15 
Just getting on with it 16 
The methods applied 18 
A kete or toolkit employed in research 20 
Chapter Outline 24 
Ways of knowing place and knowing your place within it 27 
CHAPTER TWO 29 
Method and Methodological Considerations 29 
Ahi ka: Understanding activity 38 
Addressing the methods 40 
Co-created directions for taking action 41 
Meetings of hearts and minds over environmental health 45 
Awareness of significant cultural landscape destruction 47 
Documentary and visual evidence 49 
V isual Component as Research Method 51 
The suites on canvas 51 
Bringing people and research together 62 
CHAPTER T HREE 65 
Kaupapa Tuatahi Ko Iomatua 65 
A Customary Maori Environmental Worldview 67 
Layers of association to lands, 
still revered by the activities of ancestors 73 
Kaitiaki and Kaitiakitanga 77 
Settling in and staying 82 
Natural heritage alterations 87 
The activities of waterway modification 89 
iv HEI WHENUA ORA 
Customary precepts and knowledge of place 
augment contemporary practices 95 
CHAPTER FOUR 99 
Walking through complex landscape 101 
Taking action to determine bio-cultural futures 106 
Braiding narratives to connect peoples 109 
The Kidd Family Farm 1912-1998 111 
The Stream confluence 118 
Mahinga Mataitai 120 
The Candy Family 1934-1975 122 
Known Wahi Tapu and rules of protection 126 
The Engineer and the Ohau River Scheme 128 
Consequences for the natural integrity 
of streams as drains for waste 133 
Transforming attitude and aptitude 137 
CHAPTER FIVE 143 
Historic and Cultural Heritage Management 
in New Zealand 1996 144 
Historic Heritage Management Review 1998 145 
An overarching and supportive Maori Heritage Agency 147 
Taonga Maori Review 1999-2000 149 
Heritage Think Tank 2003 154 
Ahi ka roa archaeological assessment and protection 157 
The pressure is on 159 
CHAPTER SIX 169 
Case Study One: Kuku-Ohau, the Situation and 
Opportunities for the Lower River and the dune areas to sea 171 
The Reality of the Scheme for the Ohau River 172 
In cutting rivers and transforming cultural landscape, 
relationships are compromised 183 
Overcoming fragmentation by reconnecting 186 
Making positive changes 187 
Renewed Focus for the 'loop' 189 
Draining experience that aids rehabilitation 190 
Case Study Two: Hei Whenua Ora ki Te Hakari-
He Kawenata, He Whenua Rahui 192 
Making connections 197 
Te Pa Harakeke: Our Future with 
Harakeke Wananga, 18-20 March 2005 206 
CONTENTS  
Harakeke as  healer and sustainable resource 
for environmental health 
Hydrology Research, Water L evels and 
Subsurface Waterways for Dune Wetland Health 
The Clean Stream Accord,June 2004 
The 'Big Dig' Mechanical Excavation 
December 2005-February 2006 
211 
215 
227 
227 
Recommendations for water quality and mechanical excavation 229 
The 'Big Dig' 230 
Te Ngahere a WehipeihanalWehipeihana Reforestation 
Project and T ikorangi Nursery Development 233 
CHAPTER SEVEN 245 
An Historical Overview of Public International L aw for 
Indigenous Peoples, Collective Rights and 
International Standard Formation for Indigenous Peoples 249 
Attempts to ratifY Convention No. 169 254 
The Declaration of Indigenous Peoples Rights 2007 256 
RatifYing the Declaration of the Rights of 
Indigenous Peoples (DRIP) 261 
The Roles of Special Rapporteurs 262 
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2000-2005 264 
CHAPTER EIGHT 269 
APPENDIX I: 277 
Birdlife associated with Te Hakari Dune Wetland 
APPENDIX Il: 279 
The activities of Tanema hut a and significant female entities 
APPENDIX Ill: 283 
Vegetation and habitats in the Te Hakari Dune wetland region 
APPENDIX IV: 286 
Cabinet Minutes Relating to Maori Culture and Heritage 
APPENDIX V: 290 
New Zealand Indigenous Forest Policy 
BIBLIOGRAPHY 292 
v 
VI 
ABSTRACT 
The thesis focussed on whanau and hapu and how as a Maori community, they came 
together to exercise kaitiakitanga (active guardianship) over their fragmented ecosystems 
within agricultural and cultural landscapes. The research centred on key areas within an 
ancestral coastline remaining predominately in tribal tenure, between the Waiwiri Stream 
and Waikawa River in the south-west coastal region of Horowhenua, North Island. The 
region was once an extensive coastal forest, a series of dune lakes, lagoons and dune wetlands 
within a larger tribal region under the guardianship of hapu Ngati Te Rangitawhia, Te 
M,ateawa, Ngati Manu and Ngati Kapumanawawhiti ki Kuku who affiliate to the iwi, 
Ngati Tukorehe. 
The research investigated intricate and complex environmental problems, assessed the 
extent of ecological decline in particular areas, and considered how well kaitiaki (as 
caretakers of the natural environment and their cultural landscapes) were dealing with 
the impact of fragmented systems with associated effects on their human condition. 
The methodological considerations aimed to achieve ecological and cultural restoration 
goals in a whole-of-person, whole-of-system context. What emerged from the action 
research process (grounded in a kaupapa and tikanga Maori epistemology of knowledge 
development supported by cross-indigenous perspective and international standards for 
ecological and human wellbeing) suggests that the restoration of fragmented ecological 
systems is interdependently related to the healing of a community, and reconnection with 
their natural and cultural landscape. 
Certain aspects of collaborative scientific endeavour documented water engineering 
activities that accelerated ecosystem decline. Such approaches to knowledge development 
also collated hydrological data on water quality and assessed remaining indigenous 
biodiversity for the extent of decline in the region. Narratives of place, within a braided 
cultural landscape concept underpinned a knowing of place and peoples' place within it as 
informed by both resident Maori and non-Maori recollections of encounter and change 
within lands and peoples. The visual and documentary component as complimentary 
research methods or catalysts for action, also detailed the projects. The combined expertise, 
knowledge and methods supported the commitment this thesis has, as a locally generated, 
iwi and hapu led research and practically orientated endeavour. It drew heavily on Maori 
concepts, local experiences and aspirations for environmental rehabilitation, with key case 
studies for rivers, coastlines, wetlands, with strategies for interrelated archaeological areas 
vii 
of significance. The approaches articulated new way s of doing things for remaining natural 
areas within a revered Maori cultural landscape. 
The thesis determined that iwi and hapu with long standing relationships with their natural 
environment are able to determine and effect significant ecological improvements, where 
sustainability of both the environment and people, can be enhanced. This is achieved 
through planned actions, shared vision, co-intelligence and co-management strategies. 
Active kaitiakitanga can therefore compliment developments while recognising economic 
and cultural imperatives - all for the sake of future tribal generations and the wider 
community. 
viii  
HE MIHI 
. Te ngakau puaroha ki nga ohaki 
'E kore koe e ngaro- te kakano i ruia mai i Rangiatea 
Puritia! Puritia! Puritia! 
E nga atua Maori, mo ou whakaaro whanui ma a tatou, tena koutou. 
E nga mana, e nga reo, e nga iwi 0 te motu, tena koutou. 
E nga matawaka, whItiki! Whltiki! WhItiki! 
Te hunga ora ki te hunga ora, te hunga mate ki te hunga mate. 
E kui ma, e koro ma a Tukorehe ki a koutou kua u mai nei ki tenei mahi nui, ki te atawhai, 
ki te manaaki i nga taonga i tukua mai e nga tUpuna 0 te takiwa nei a Kuku, tena koutou. 
E whaea ma, e matua ma, e nga whanaunga katoa, e hoa ma, e kohikohi ana, e mahi tonu 
ana me te kaupapa nui mo Te Taiao. 
E taku hoa rangatira a Richard . . .  Kei whea i nga kupu ma tou manaakitanga? Ka nui te 
aroha ki a koe, taku hoa rangatira. 
Ko te tUmanako kia whakawhanuitia i OU matou tirohanga i roto i te whakatakotoranga 
kaupapa nei. 
No reira, tena koutou, ten a koutou, tena koutou katoa. 
ix 
ACKNOWLEDGE MENTS 
To Professor Mason Durie and Dr Charles Te Ahukaramu Royal, I thank you both for 
your exceptional steer in this research process and for your infinite patience. 
I acknowledge the kind assistance of key informants who helped support me during the 
research process, the writing, shaping, and editing of this thesis. To those relations who 
knew Kuku well and who are no longer with us (Mr Matehaere Patuaka, Mr Hare Hemi 
Wehipeihana; Mr Harold Rowland, Mrs Rita Tawhai (White) and Mr Gary Wehipeihana 
Senior), I am indebted to your insight, perspective, expertise and your love of the Kuku 
coastline - you all inspired me to take this research pathway. 
There are many I can thank. In particular I express my gratitude to Mrs Maire Rahapa 
Rehia Johns for your knowledge and constant wise counsel; Mrs Ruhia Martin for your 
experiences of growing up in Kuku and your never ending support; Mr Martin Wehipeihana 
for your unwavering commitment to the environmental work of Ngati Tukorehe; Ms 
Jodie Cook for your administration and organisational support and to officials from Nga 
Whenua Rahui and Matauranga Kura Taiao for getting our Tukorehe projects started. To 
my parents Mr Adrian and Mrs Netta Smith, thank you for your love and encouragement 
from a distance. 
During the course of the research exercise many thanks goes out to all kaumatua and active 
kaitiaki ofKuku. Particular thanks also to Mr Henry and Rex Perenara; Te Rau Kawakawa 0 
Te Ora; Lucas Associates; Mr and Mrs Neil and Margaret Candy; Mr Edward O'Conner; 
Hon Douglas Kidd; Mr John Wehipeihana; all members of Te Hakari Management 
Committee 2002-2006; all Trustees ofTe Iwi 0 Ngati Tukorehe Trust (2005-); Mr Tana 
Carkeek; Mr Ron Halford; the Board of Ta hamata; Ms Paula Loader; Mr Phillip and Mrs 
Pamela Putu; Mrs Myra Reid; Mr Sean Ogden; Mr Witana and Mrs Fiona Kamariera; 
Ms Moira Poutama; Dr Anthony Cole; Dr Tanira Kingi and his students; Dr Murray 
Williams, Victoria University and his students; Mr Caleb Royal; Mr Pataka Moore; Mr 
Te Waari Carkeek and Ms Ariana Te Ao Marere; Ms Susan Forbes; Mrs Lorraine Nikera; 
Mrs Nolene Wevell of Horizons Regional Council Archives; Horizons Regional Council 
and representatives; Dr Olivier Ausseil; Dr Mark Gyopari; Historic Places Trust Pouhere 
Taonga; Mr Brent Packer, and all the kaitiaki students since 2002. 
Finally, I wish to thank my partner Mr Richard Anderson. There have been times of 
elation and challenge for us during the course of project implementation. Despite some 
difficulties, the active re-instatement of health to waterways, lands and affiliated peoples 
took precedence. All pro active and dedicated kaitiaki ofKuku know that there is a lifetime 
of work before us. 
x 
Figure 1.1 
Figure 1.2 
Figure 1.3 
Figure 1.4 
Figure 1.6 
Figure 1.8 
Figure 1.5 
Figure 1.7 
Figure 1.9 
Figure 1.10 
Figure 1.12 
Figure 1.14 
Figure 1.11 
Figure 1.13 
Figure 1.15 
Figures 1.16 
Figure 1.17 
Figure 1.18 
Figure 1.19 
Figure 1.20 
Figure 2.1 
Figure 2.2 
Figure 2.3 
Figure 2.4 
Figure 2.5 
Figure 2.6 
Figure 2.7 
Figure 2.8 
Figure 2.9 
Figure 2.10 
Figure 2.11 
Figure 2.12 
Figure 2.13 
Figure 2.15 
Figure 2.14 
Figure 2.16 
Figure 2.17 
Figure 2.19 
Figure 2.20 
Figure 2.21 
List of Figures 
Ohau River Catchment 
Aerial views of tribal region, 15 December 2003. 
A Four Wheel Drive Club using the sensitive dune environs for inappropriate 
recreation. 
2 
5 
8 
Baby banded kokopu. 9 
Inanga. 9 
Short fin eel. 9 
Banded kokopu. 9 
��. 9 
Short fin eel. 9 
Variable oystercatchers, Pied stilts and Godwits. 10 
Black backed gull and Royal spoonbills. 10 
Australasian bittern. 10 
Kingfisher and Royal spoonbills. 10 
Royal spoonbills at Te Hakari wetland. 10 
Spodess crake. 11 
Ohau River beach environs, 2 June 2006. 11 
Waikawa Beach township with some adjacent areas demarcated for subdivision. 15 
Kaumatua of Ngati Tukorehe in front ofTukorehe meeting house, November 2006 22 
Ma Runga Tereina / By Train, 2003. 2 7  
Ma Runga Tereina / By Train, 2003. 2 7  
An overview of the Kuku region looking towards the mountains. 30 
An overview of dune systems. 30 
Kuku urupa adjacent to Kidd family farmhouse, October 2005. 35 
Section of waterways map taken from the Ohau Manakau 
River Scheme Catchment area. 36 
Meeting held at Tukorehe pa. 37 
Meeting held at Tukorehe pa. 37 
Peraro, or freshwater oyster. 40 
Lower reaches of Ohau River to Sea 42 
Kuku-Ohau Ecological Situation and Opportunities in the Lower River- Land Use. 44 
Ohau River, loop region and Te Hakari dune wetland, December 2003. 
He whenua tuku iho - Land passed on 2001. 
From Tirotirowhetu, across Tahamata farm to sea, 2005. 
Tirotirowhetu - Looking to the Stars 2000-2001. 
Kore rawa matou e wareware - we can never forget 2001. 
Kati ana e mahue ana . . . All that remains 2001. 
The torn page was kept within the pages of a paipera tapu or bible. 
Te Hakari He Whenua Rahui [The Feast Land set aside] 2001, 
He Whakakotahitanga A coming together at whanau planting days. 
He Whakakotahitanga A coming together at whanau planting days. 
He Whakakotahitanga A coming together at whanau planting days. 
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Figure 2.22 
Figure 3.1 
Figure 3.2 
Figure 3.3 
Figure 3.4 
Figure 3.5 
Figure 3.6 
Figure 3.7 
Figure 3.7 
Figure 3.8 
Figure 4.1 
Figure 4.2 
Figure 4.3 
Figure 4.4 
Figure 4.5 
Figure 4.6 
Figure 4. 7 
Figure 4.8 
Figure 4.9 
Figure 4.10 
Figure 4.11 
Figure 4. 12 
Figure 4.13 
Figure 4.14 
Figure 4.15 
Figure 4.16 
Figure 4.17 
Figure 4.18 
Figure 4.19 
Figure 4.20 
Figure 4.22 
Figure 4.21 
Figure 4.23 
Figure 4.24 
Figure 4.25 
Figure 4.26 
Figure 4.27 
Figure 4.28 
Figure 4.29 
Figure 4.30 
Figure 4.31 
LI ST OF  F IGURES  xi 
He Whakakotahitanga A coming together at whanau planting days. 63 
From the Ohau River, looking across Tahamata Incorporation 77 
Waitohu Survey District, 1925 78 
Waitohu Survey District, 1925, detail of map opposite. 79 
In the vicinity of original occupation areas, looking across the Ohau River. 82 
Kuku papa kainga from a distance. 83 
Crossing Kuku. 86 
Lower reaches of Ohau River 91 
Flooding at lower reaches of Ohau River 93 
In readiness for the Whanau Planting day, 13 August 2006. 97 
Pingao stands, 4 April 2005. 103 
Pingao stand about to fall into Ohau River, 13 July 2007. 103 
Marram grass in dynamic Ohau River dune region, 16 April 2005. 103 
Te Hakari Stream, October 2005. 104 
Te Hakari Stream, October 2005. 104 
Te Hakari Stream, December 2003. 104 
Shore pimpernel and glasswort with Kotuku ngutu papa in Ohau River estuary 
22 September 2005. 105 
Detail of shore pimpernel carpet with ureure or glasswort present, 16 April 2005. 105 
Kuku Drainage District showing different farms settled from 1913-1920 109 
Area of significance at Kuku papa kainga site, September 2005. 112 
Area of significance at Kuku papa kainga site, September 2005. 112 
An aerial photo of the Kidd family farm taken in later summer, 
between 1947 and 1954. 113 
Section of Map IV 115 
Remaining kahikatea or white pine forest, February 2007. 116 
View across Tahamata farm to puna wai or Maori Spring area, February 2007. 117 
Another aerial photo of the Kidd family farm taken in late summer, sometime 
between 1947 and 1954. 118 
Ohau River Meander, taken between 1942-1948. 121 
Gorse stands and cows on Candy leased blocks, early 1960s 121 
Part of the original Candy farm. 122 
Looking over urupa block to sea, with Tirotirowhetu dunes in the far background. 123 
Looking over the urupa reserve towards dune lakes. 124 
Line map ofUrupa and Ohau pa Reserve 124 
Article about the drowning of Pi no Moses in local newspaper, placed for 
safe keeping inside the whanau Paipera Tapu, or family bible. 125 
Different blocks on Candy farm. 126 
Different blocks on Candy farm. 126 
Different blocks on Candy farm. 126 
Different blocks on Candy farm. 126 
Flood damage during the time of the cut 129 
Before the Ohau River 'cut', taken between 1942-1948 131 
Ohau River 'cut' 132 
Ohau River 'cut' 132 
xii 
Figure 4.32 
Figure 4.32 
Figure 4.34 
Figure 4.35 
Figure 4.36 
Figure 4.37 
Figure 4 .38 
Figure 4.39 
Figure 5.1 
Figure 5.2 
Figure 5.3 
Figure 5.4 
Figure 5.5 
Figure 5.6 
Figure 5.7 
Figure 5.8 
Figure 5.9 
Figure 5.10 
Figure 5 .11 
Figure 6.1 
Figure 6.2 
Figure 6.3 
Figure 6.4 
Figure 6.5 
Figure 6.6 
Figure 6.7 
Figure 6.8 
Figure 6.9 
Figure 6.10 
Figure 6.11 
Figure 6.12 
Figure 6.13 
Figure 6.14 
Figure 6.15 
Figure 6.16 
Figure 6.17 
Figure 6.18 
Figure 6.19 
Figure 6.20 
Figure 6.21 
Figure 6.22 
HE I  WHENUA ORA 
Kuku Stream in proximity to former dairy factory, 1 September 2007. 
Kuku Stream with Tukorehe marae in background, 1 September 2007. 
Planting the 'loop' led by Tahamata Incorporation, 30 July 2006 
Planting the 'loop', 30 July 2006. 
'Loop' planting, 30 July 2006. 
Overview of 'loop' planting, 4 November 2006. 
The planted area after three months, 4 November 2006. 
Planting around farm, 4 November 2006. 
Area of shells in eastern paddock, 15 April 2006. 
Shell distribution, 15 April 2006. 
Shells and stones revealed near Te Hakari wetland lake area, 28 July 2007. 
Shells and stones near Te Hakari wetland lake area, 28 July 2007. 
Shells and stones near Te Hakari wetland lake area, 28 July 2007. 
Shells and stones near Te Hakari wetland lake area, 28 July 2007. 
Shells and stones near Te Hakari wetland lake area, 28 July 2007. 
Waikawa Growth Development, 2007. 
Hokio Beach Growth Development, August 2007. 
Ti Tu Tonu, 2003. 
Walking along beach to Tirotirowhetu, August 2005. 
Hand-drawn images by Mr Edward O'Conner. The images indicate proposals 
for the Ohau River diversion plans from the 1940s to 1971. 
Selected images of flood damage, May 1972. 
Site location map, 1997-1998. 
Kuku Stream diversion aerial images, 1997-1998. 
Riparian ideas, before and after, 1997-1998. 
Logs have often been positioned and repositioned to 
block trail bikes and four-wheel drive vehicular access. 
Blocking vehicular access encourages more environmentally responsible and 
respectful use of the beach environs, 4 November 2006. 
Remnant pingao in sensitive dune sy stems, 9 August 2005. 
Images of Beach Sign,January 2001. 
The sign was moved to the site near the entrance to river beach area, April 2001. 
Ohau River 'cut' area with eroding dunes, 23 October 2005. 
Blind Creek and Ohau loop long before the 'cut'. 
Blind Creek area, December 2003. 
Site in dunes with low-level vegetation. 
Student Groups from Massey University, 18 October 2006. 
Student Groups from Massey University, 18 October 2006. 
The dynamic riverine area opposite Tirotirowhetu site, 18 February 2005. 
The dynamic Ohau River and estuary, 12 July 2006. 
The Ohau River and its changed mouth to sea, 17 November 2006. 
Dynamic dunes towards Waikawa, 18 February 2007. 
Fence around wetland, 2002. 
Te Hakari wetland towards Waikawa, 2003. 
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LI ST OF  FIGURE S  xiii 
Figure 6.23 Hei Whenua Ora ki Te Hakari / Te Hakari Dune Wetland 
Restoration Project, November 2002. 200 
Figure 6.24 First planting area in western paddock, 21 December 2002. 200 
Figure 6.25 First planting area in western paddock, 2 July 2005. 200 
Figure 6.26 First planting area in western paddock, October 2005. 200 
Figure 6.27 First planting area in western paddock, 15 November 2006. 200 
Figure 6.28 Whanau Planting day, 19 August 2003 .  202 
Figure 6.29 Whanau Planting day, 19 August 2003 .  202 
Figure 6.30 Whanau Planting day, 19 August 2003 .  202 
Figure 6.3 1 Whanau Planting day, 19 August 2003. 202 
Figure 6.32 Whanau Planting day, 19 August 2003. 202 
Figure 6.33 Whanau Planting day, 19 August 2003 .  202 
Figure 6.34 Whanau Planting day, 19 August 2003 .  202 
Figure 6.3 5 Whanau Planting day, 19 August 2003 .  202 
Figure 6.3 6 Whanau Planting day, 19 August 2003. 203 
Figure 6.37 Whanau Planting day, 19 August 2003 .  203 
Figure 6.3 8 Whanau Planting day, 19 August 2003.  203 
Figure 6.39 Whanau Planting day, 19 August 2003. 203 
Figure 6.40 Whanau Planting day, 19 August 2003 .  203 
Figure 6.41 Whanau Planting day, 19 August 2003. 203 
Figure 6.42 Whanau Planting day, 19 August 2003 .  203 
Figure 6.43 Te Hakari Stream outlet, August 2005. 204 
Figure 6.44 Te Hakari Stream flowing towards the Ohau River beach, 9 January 2005. 204 
Figure 6.45 Te Hakari Stream to Ohau River, 2 June 2006. 204 
Figure 6.46 Children of Ngati Tukorehe planting trees in eastern riparian area,2004. 206 
Figure 6.47 Te Huaki 0 Te Rangi Kamariera, Mr Richard Anderson and 
Mr Major Meta, 11 September 2005. 206 
Figure 6.48 Some kaumatua ofTukorehe pa at Wananga Harakeke 18 March 2005. 207 
Figure 6.49 Kaumatua at wananga, Tukorehe Marae, 18 March 2005. 207 
Figure 6.50 Kaumatua at wananga, Tukorehe Marae, 18 March 2005. 207 
Figure 6.51 Caleb Royal, his children and kaumatua Mr Gary Wehipeihana 
Senior moving towards south western end of wetland to retrieve 
a hinaki set on evening of 9 March 2005. 208 
Figure 6.52 Caleb Royal, his children and kaumatua Mr Gary Wehipeihana 
Senior moving towards south western end of wetland to retrieve 
a hinaki set on evening of 9 March 2005. 208 
Figure 6.53 Caleb Royal, his children and kaumatua Mr Gary Wehipeihana 
Senior moving towards south western end of wetland to retrieve 
a hinaki set on evening of 9 March 2005. 208 
Figure 6.54 Hornwort,lO March 2005. 209 
Figure 6.56 Asphyxiated eel with facial lesions, 10 March 2005 209 
Figure 6.55 Hornwort and dead eel in hinaki, 10 March 2005 209 
Figure 6.57 Retrieving hinaki from Te Hakari Stream, 11 March 2005. 2 11 
Figure 6.58 Retrieving hinaki from Te Hakari Stream, 11 March 2005. 211 
Figure 6.59 Retrieving hinaki from Te Hakari Stream, 11 March 2005. 2 11 
Figure 6.60 Retrieving hinaki from Te Hakari Stream, 11 March 2005. 211 
xiv 
Figure 6.61 
Figure 6.62 
Figure 6.63 
Figure 6.64 
Figure 6.65 
Figure 6.66 
Figure 6.67 
Figure 6.68 
Figure 6.69 
Figure 6.70 
Figure 6.71 
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Figure 6.73 
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Figure 6.75 
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Figure 6.80 
Figure 6.81 
Figure 6.82 
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Figure 6.85 
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Figure 6.86 
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Figure 6.88 
Figure 6.89 
Figure 6.90 
Figure 6.91 
Figure 6.92 
Figure 6.93 
Figure 6.94 
H EI WHENUA ORA 
Wananga participants, 19 March 2005. 
Te Hakari visit for participants, 19 March 2005. 
Wananga participants planting first trees in area that fronts Kuku Beach Road, 
19 March 2005. 
Wananga participants standing on high dune, 19 March 2005 . 
212 
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212 
Seminar Series conducted through Te Wananga 0 Raukawa, Gtaki, 19 March 2005. 213 
Seminar Serie, 19 March 2005. 213 
Wananga participants planting more trees in area that fronts Kuku Beach Road. 213 
View ofTe Hakari Dune Wetland, November 2005. 216 
View ofTe Hakari Dune Wetland, 21 September 2007. 216 
Water level gauge at the northern drain, 3 January 2005. 218 
Water level gauge at Te Hakari Stream after draining over summer in preparation 
for mechanical excavation, 26 January 2006. 218 
Cows in wet delta before fencing, 9 January 2005. 219 
Te Hakari Stream weir with temporary fish pass, 14 September 2005. 219 
Nga Whenua Rahui funders- Mike Mohi and Trevor Lambert 
meeting over wet delta region at Te Hakari Stream with Richard Anderson and 
Witana Kamariera (filming), 19 September 2005. 219 
Sand bagged weir at Te Hakari Stream with temporary fish 
moved aside during drainage of wetland, October 2005. 219 
Replacing temporary weir on Te Hakari Stream, 15 February 2006. 219 
Repositioned temporary weir on Te Hakari Stream, 20 June 2006. 219 
Drilling Piezometer 3 into place, May 2003. 221 
Project Manager (2003-2006) Richard Anderson measuring water depth and 
quality at piezometers 1 and 3 at locales around the wetland, 3 January 2005. 221 
Project Manager (2003-2006) Richard Anderson measuring water depth and 
quality at piezometers 1 and 3 at locales around the wetland, 3 January 2005. 221 
Project Manager (2003-2006) Richard Anderson measuring water depth and 
quality at piezometers 1 and 3 at locales around the wetland, 3 January 2005. 221 
Project Manager (2003-2006) Richard Anderson measuring water depth and 
quality at piezometers 1 and 3 at locales around the wetland, 3 January 2005. 221 
Te Hakari Stream before rehabilitation, July 2003. 223 
Te Hakari Stream and wet delta electric fence, 17 July 2005. 223 
Te Hakari Stream with raised water levels to create wet delta, 
3 January 2005. 223 
Te Hakari Stream and wet delta, 20 October 2005: 223 
Project Manager Mr Richard Anderson (2003-2006), 
Te Hakari Stream with weir removed, 22 October 2005. 223 
Re-vegetated riparian alongside Te Hakari Stream,January 2007. 224 
Profuse reed, grass and sedge re-vegetation on left of 
Te Hakari Stream, 26 November 2006. 224 
White faced heron on fence post overlooking wet delta region, 22 October 2005. 225 
Kotuku ngutu papa or Royal spoonbills in the wetland lake region, 20 August 2006. 225 
Kotuku ngutu papa or Royal spoonbills in the wetland lake region, 
26 November 2006. 
The excavation begins with blessing, 12 December 2005. 
The excavation begins with blessing, 12 December 2005. 
225 
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Figure 6.95 
Figure 6.96 
Figure 6.97 
Figure 6.98 
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Figure 6.125 
Figure 6.126 
Figure 6.127 
Figure 6.128 
Figure 6.19 
Figure 6.130 
Figure 6.131 
Figure 6.132 
LI ST OF  F IGURES  xv 
The excavation begins with blessing, 12 December 2005. 231 
The excavation begins with blessing, 12 December 2005. 231 
The excavation begins with blessing, 12 December 2005. 231 
The excavation begins with blessing, 12 December 2005. 231 
The excavations that took place on 13 February 2006. 232 
The excavations that took place on 13 February 2006. 232 
The excavations that took place on 13 February 2006. 232 
The excavations that took place on 13 February 2006. 232 
The excavations that took place on 13 February 2006. 232 
The excavations that took place on 13 February 2006. 232 
The excavations that took place on 13 February 2006. 232 
The excavations that took place on 13 February 2006. 232 
The excavations that took place on 13 February 2006. 233 
The excavations that took place on 13 February 2006. 233 
The excavations that took place on 13 February 2006. 233 
The excavations that took place on 13 February 2006. 233 
The excavations that took place on 13 February 2006. 233 
Cow pugged delta region before water level rise, 9 August 2003. 234 
Wet delta before fencing looking across Te Hakari Stream with 
Harold Rowland's bach in background, 3 March 2005. 234 
Before and after images from cow-pugged edges of wetland, to dune wetland and 
lakes opened for bird, fish and invertebrate biodiversity. 234 
Before and after images from cow-pugged edges of wetland, to dune wetland and 
lakes opened for bird, fish and invertebrate biodiversity. 234 
Te Hakari Dune Wetland with raised water level and winter flows,]uly 2005. 235 
Te Hakari Dune Wetland towards Pekapeka, 21 September 2007. 235 
Te Ngahere a WehipeihanalWehipeihana Bush from Kuku Beach 
Road, October 2005. 237 
First survey of Te Ngahere a Wehipeihana with Kaitiaki Students, 12 October 2005. 237 
First survey of Te Ngahere a Wehipeihana with Kaitiaki Students, 12 October 2005. 237 
First survey of Te Ngahere a Wehipeihana with Kaitiaki Students, 12 October 2005. 237 
First survey of Te Ngahere a Wehipeihana with Kaitiaki Students, 12 October 2005. 237 
Te Ngahcre a WehipeihanalWehipeihana Bush blessing with Mr Martin 
Wehipeihana and kaitiaki students before weed clearing work begins, 
26 October 2005. 238 
Wehipeihana Bush with students surveying and collating data, 26-27 October 2005. 238 
Wehipeihana Bush with students surveying and collating data, 26-27 October 2005. 238 
Wehipeihana Bush with students surveying and collating data, 26-27 October 2005. 238 
Wehipeihana Bush with students surveying and collating data, 26-27 October 2005. 238 
Some revegetation of karaka, mahoe with 200-300 year old tawa, and 
kereru watching the work below, 12 October 2005. 239 
Some revegetation of karaka, mahoe with 200-300 year old tawa, 12 October 2005. 239 
Some revegetation of karaka, mahoe with 200-300 year old tawa,12 October 2005. 239 
Some revegetation of karaka, mahoe with 200-300 year old tawa, 12 October 2005. 239 
Rest time for kaumatua, kaitiaki students and kaiako in Wehipeihana Forest, 
27 October 2005. 240 
xvi 
Figure 6 .133 
Figure 6.135 
Figure 6.137 
Figure 6.134 
Figure 6.136 
Figure 6.138 
Figure 6.139 
Figure 6.140 
Figure 6.142 
Figure 6.141 
Figure 7.1 
Figure 7.2 
H EI WHENUA O RA 
Cleaning up gardens and driveway to Tikorangi Nursery, 28 October 2005 . 
Local kaitiaki Mr Tipene Perawiti and Mr Peter Daly helping at Tikorangi 
working bee, 28 October 2005 . 
Mulching gardens, 28 October 2005. 
Key kaumatua and supporter helping with tidy up, 28 October 2005 . 
Utilising tree chipper and placing chipped mulch 
around cleared gardens, 28 October 2005. 
Kaumatua Mr Eric Gregory and Mr Martin Wehipeihana clearing around 
harakeke, 28 October 2005. 
Tikorangi plants in holding areas, 31 January 2006. 
Tikorangi plants in holding areas, 31 January 2006. 
Tree stock at Tikorangi Nursery, 30 March 2007. 
Tikorangi Nursery promotion at Maori Business Expo, 11 November 2006. 
The Manawatu Estuary received important Ramsar status, 14 August 2006. 
A blessing took place over the commemorative stone. 
The Manawatu Estuary received important Ramsar status, 14  August 2006. 
A blessing took place over the commemorative stone. 
241 
241 
241 
241 
241 
241 
243 
243 
243 
243 
248 
248 
Table 1.1 
Table 3 . 1  
List of Tables 
A summary of, aims, theory, methods and resources associated 
with the kete employed in this research project. 
This table indicates the alterations to natural cover with subsequent forest-cover 
removal and swamp drainage in Kuku from 1840-1963 . 
xvii 
20 
88