Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Biosystematics of New Zealand Longicorn Beetle Genera Coptomma Newman and Calliprason White ( Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae) A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Applied Science at Massey University Deping Song 1998 II Abstract A rev1s1on of the New Zealand cerambycid genera Coptomma Newman and Calliprason White is made and the scope of these genera is redefined. The genus Navomorpha White is synonymised with Coptomma. Two species, N. textoria and N. philpotti, are synonymised with Coptomma lineata (Fabricius). Four monotypic genera, Stenopotes Pascoe, Drotus Sharp, Pseudacalliprason Broun, and Epheus Broun, are synonymised with Calliprason. As a result of this revision, the present number of species in Coptomma and Calliprason has increased to five, respectively. A new species, C. marrisi, is described for Coptomma. All known species of these two genera are redescribed. A key to species for each genus is given. Terminalia of both sexes are illustrated and described. The phylogeny of all species of these genera is analysed cladistically. The monophyly of Coptomma and Calliprason is confirmed with the former being supported by 5 good synapomorphies and the latter by 11. Subdivisions of each genus are discussed. Biological knowledge of the two genera is summarised except Calliprason elegans and C. costifer. Coptomma is widely distributed in both main islands, Stewart Island and Great Island of the Three Kings Islands; Calliprason is widely distributed in the North Island and the Chatham Islands, rarely in the South Island. The distribution of each species is mapped and discussed. iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank the many people who have contributed in their own way to my thesis. I am very grateful for the efforts of my supervisors in helping me complete this work. Dr Qiao Wang provided helpful guidance, patience and encouragement throughout this research project, gave valuable writing and editorial comments on drafts of this thesis, and was available and always willing to help solving my problems. Dr Ting Kui Qin from Landcare Research, Auckland, provided many valuable suggestions and comments on cladistics and the earlier draft of this thesis. I would like to thank the following, who made material available for this study: T. Crosby and L. Clunie (New Zealand Arthropod Collection), J . W. Early (Auckland Museum), T. Weir (Australian National Insect Collection), M. Walker (Canterbury Museum), R. Crabtree (Forest Research Institute), J'Nunn Collection, J. Marris and R. Emberson (Lincoln University Entomology Museum), S. Shute (The Natural History Museum (London)), P. Sirvid and R. Palma (Museum of New Zealand), S. Tengblad (Whangarei Museum), A. Harris (Museum of Otago), and C. McPhee (Museum of Victoria (Melbourne)). My gratitude is expressed to S. Shute for also comparing some of my material with holotypes deposited in the Natural History Museum (London). Acknowledgement is given to the following people. Hugh Neilson and Lorraine Davis, Plant Protection Group, Institute of Natural Resources, provided helpful technical advice and assistance, and Mike Tuohy, Soil Science Group, Institute of Natural Resources , provided the computer program for drawing the map of species distribution. Stephanie Halse helped with references on taxonomy of New Zealand Cerambycinae. My profound thanks to the staff and my fellow students of the Institute of Natural Resources, who through their support and friendship have given me a most enjoyable time. I would especially thank Pam Howell, Hera Kennedy, Lois Mather, Colleen Hamlon, Hyun Ok Kim, Vallipuram Vingnanasingam, Christine Taylor and Georgina Milne. Finally, I would also like to thank my wife, Jian Sun, and son, Roland, for their love, moral support, encouragement and understanding during the course of my study. Table of Contents Chapter 1 General Introduction 1. l The project ........... . ......... . .............................. ........................ . 1.2 Historical Background to the Taxonomy of the Two Selected Groups ........ . l .3 Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.4 Distribution Records..... .............................................. .............. .. 3 1.5 Main Aims of This Study............................................................. 4 Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 2.2 Materials and Methods........ . .............................. .. ..................... 5 2.2. l Specimens Examined . . . . . .. .. .. . .. . . . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . .. .. . 5 2.2.2 Measurements and Illustrations.................... ....................... 6 2.2.3 Dissections of Terminalia...................... ..................... . ...... 7 2.2.4 Terminodogy.............. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2.5 Descriptions and Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . 18 2.2.6 Ecological and Distributional Records . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18 2.3 Taxonomy of the Genus Coptomma . . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. . . . . . .. . .. .. .. 19 2.4 Taxonomy of the Genus Calliprason . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Chapter 3 Phylogenetic Analyses of Coptomma and Calliprason 3. 1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Introduction ................................... . ...................................... . Materials and Methods ... . . ....... ..................................... .. .. ... . .... . 3.2. l Ingroup Taxa ................ ............................... . ................ . 3.2.2 Outgroup Taxa ...... . ....................................................... . 3.2.3 Characters ........... ........... ............................................. . 3.2.4 Cladistic Methods .......................................................... . Phylogeny of the Genus Coptomma ...................... ........................ . 3.3.1 Characters and Coding ........... . ......................................... . 3.3.2 Results and Discussion ...... .... ................. ..... .................... . 3.3.2.1 Tree obtained ..................................................... . 3.3.2.2 Determination of character polarity ......... .. ................ . 3.3.2.3 Monophyly of Coptomma and divisions of species groups .. 3.3.2.4 Character analysis ................................... .. ........... . Phylogeny of the Genus Calliprason ............................................ . 3.4. l Characters and Coding .. . .................................................. . 3.4.2 Results and Discussion ..................................................... . 3.4.2. l Trees obtained ..................................................... . 3.4.2.2 Determination of character polarity ............................ . 3.4.2.3 Monophyly of Calliprason and divisions of species groups . 3.4.2.4 Character analysis ................................................ . Conclusion .............. . .................................... .............. . ......... . 79 79 79 79 80 80 81 8 1 85 85 86 86 88 90 90 93 93 95 95 97 98 Contents v Chapter 4 General Discussion and Summary 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.2 Taxonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 4.3 Phylogenetic Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 4.4 Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 02 4.5 Biology Aspects .. .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. ... 103 4.6 Conclusion .. .. .... . . . .... . ... . .. .. . ... ... . .. ... . ... . . .. ............ .. . .. .. .. .. . . .... . . .. 103 Ref ere nee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 List of Figures Fig. 2.1 Specimen localities in New Zealand showing area codes in text (from Crosby et al., 1976) ........... .... .......................................... .. ........... 6 Fig. 2.2 The major body axes and the relationship of parts of the appendages to the body, shown for Coptomma lineata . .... .. ....... .... . . .. ... .. .......... . . ..... ..... . .. 8 Fig. 2.3 Head of Coptomma variegata, front view. Terms and measurements described in the text: a, antenna! socket; ac, anteclypeus; dal , distance between antenna! socket and lateral angle of postclypeus; die, distance between lower lobes of eyes; due, distance between upper lobes of eyes; e, eye; g, gena; !, labrum; la, lateral angle of postclypeus; m, mandible; pc, postclypeus; tg, transverse groove between tentorial pits ...... . ....... . .... . .... . .................. .. . ...... ...... .... ......... 8 Figs 2.4-5 Heads of: 4, Coptomma variegata; 5, C. sulcata. Lateral view ................ . 9 Figs 2.6-9 Pronota of four species beetles , dorsal view: 6, Coptomma variegata ; 7, C. stictica; 8, Calliprason sinclairi; 9, C. marginatum .............................. .. 10 Figs 2.10-11 Sterna of Calliprason pallidus 10, vental view; 11 , lateral view; ps, pros tern um; ms, mesosternum; mt, metastemum .......... .. .... .. ..... . ......... ... 10 Figs 2.12-13 Sterna of Coptomma variegata: 12, ventral view; 13, lateral view; ps, pros tern um; ms , mesosternum; mt, metastemum ....... .. ..... ..... . ... .......... ... 11 Figs 2.14-15 Sterna of C. lineata: 14, ventral view; 15, lateral view; ps , prostemum; ms , mesosternum; mt, metastemum .. . ........................................ .... ..... 11 Figs 2.16-19 Scutella, dorsal view: 16, Coptomma sulcata, equilaterally triangular; 17, C. variegata, transversely triangular; 18, Calliprason marginatum, curvilinearly triangular; 19, C. costifer, parabola ......................... ......... ... 12 Figs 2.20-21 Left elytra, dorsal view: 20, Coptomma variegata; 21, C. sulcata .... ..... 12 Figs 2.22-24 Sternites, ventral view: 22, Coptomma sulcata; 23, C. lineata; 24, C. variegata . ..... . . ..... ......... ... . .. . ..... .... .... .... ......... ... .. . . ... ... . ... . .... ... . . . 13 Figs 2.25-33 Aedeagus: 25, median lobe and internal sac of Coptomma variegata, ventral view: fs, first section; m, median lobe; sr, spined region; ss, second section; ts , third section; g, unspined gap; ur, unspined region; 26, median lobe of Coptomma sulcata, lateral view: er, chitinous rod; dl , dorsal lobe; is, internal sac; mb, membrane between ventral and dorsal lobes; ms, median strut; vl, ventral lobe; 27-28, ventral lobe: 27, pointed; 28 , strongly projected; 29-33 , types of spines and processes: 29, simple small and short; 30, simple small and long; 31, simple large and long; 32, multi-branched; 33, scale-like ...... .... 14 Figs 2.34-37 Eighth sternites of male: 34, Coptomma variegata; 35, C. lineata; 36, C. sulcata; 37, Calliprason pallidus; mm, multi-branched microspines; sm, simple micros pines .. ....... ......... .................. . ........... .. ... ...... ... .... 15 Figs 2.38-41 Eighth tergites of male: 38 , Coptomma lineata; 39, C. variegata; 40, C. sulcata; 41, Calliprason pallidus; mm, multi-branched microspines; sm, simple microspines ................................................................... 16 Figs 2.42-43 Ovipositor: 42, Coptomma sulcata; 43, Calliprason pallidus. cox, coxite; db, dorsal baculi; pab, paraproct baculi; par, paraproct; pb, proctiger baculi; sty, styli .......... ... . . ..... ... ...................... .. ..... . ..... . . . ............... 17 Figs 2.44-46 Spermatheca: 44, Coptomma variegata; 45, C. lineata; 46, Calliprason marginatum. sg, spermathecal gland .................................................. 18 Fig. 2.47 Dorsal view of C. variegata. Scale line: 5mm . ... ... ........... ....... ............. 24 Figures vu Fig. 2.48 Ovipositor of C. variegata, ventral view. Scale line: Imm.. ... .... . .... .. . . . .. . 26 Fig. 2.49 Distribution of C. variegata . . .. .. . ........... . .. . . .. . . ... .. . . .. . .... . ......... . . .. .. . 27 Fig. 2.50 Dorsal view of C. sulcata. Scale line: 5mm. ... .. . .. .... ... .. ...... . . . . .. . . .. ... .. .. 3 1 Figs 2.51-52 Median lobe and internal sac of male genitalia and spermatheca of C. sulcata. Scale lines: 0.5mm..... . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 33 Fig. 2.53 Distribution of C. sulcata. . ... ........ . . ... ............. . . .. . .. ....... . .... .. .. . . . . .. . 34 Fig. 2.54 Dorsal view of C. lineata. Scale line: 5mm ..... . ........... . ..... ... .. . . . .. ....... . 38 Figs 2.55-56. Median lobe and internal sac of male genitalia and ovipositor of C. lineata. Scale lines: lmm. ... . . . .. ... ..... .. . .. .... . . .. .. . . ... .... .. .. .. . . .. ..... . . . .. .. . 40 Fig. 2.57 Distribution of C. lineata ..... . ........ . ... . ..... .. .. . ... . . .... . ... . . ... .. . . . . .. . . .... 41 Fig. 2.58 Dorsal view of C. stictica. Scale line: 5mm. .............. . ... . . . ... . . .. . ... . .... . . 43 Figs 2.59-61 Median lobe and internal sac, eighth sternite and eighth tergite of male terrninalia of C. stictica. Scale lines: lmm.. ....... . . . . . . .. ... ... .. . . . .. . . ... ........ . 45 Figs 2.62-63 Ovipositor and spermaJheca of C. stictica. Scale lines: lmm..... . . .... .. .. . 45 Fig. 2.64 Distribution of C. stictica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Fig. 2.65 Dorsal view of C. marrisi. Scale line: 5mm. .. . . .. . ..... .. . ... . .. . ... . . .. . . ... . . . .. 47 Figs 2.66-67 Ovipositor and spermatheca of C. marrisi. Scale lines: Imm.. ... . . .... . . .. 49 Fig. 2.68 Distribution of C. marrisi ... . . . ......... . .. . .. . ... . .................. . .. . . . . . .. . .. . . .. 49 Fig. 2.69 Dorsal view of C. sinclairi. Scale line: 5mm..... .. ... . . .. ... . ..... ...... . ..... . ... 55 Figs 2.70-72 Median lobe and internal sac, eighth sternite and eighth tergite of male terrninalia of C. sinclairi. Scale lines: 0.5 mm. . . . ... . ....... . .. . . ... ... . ..... . ....... 56 Figs 2.73-74 Ovipositor and spermatheca of C. sinclairi. Scale lines: Imm . . .. .... .. . .... 57 Fig. 2.75 Distribution of C. sinclairi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Fig. 2.76. Dorsal view of C. pallidus. Scale line: 5mm. 61 Figs 2.77-78 Median lobe and internal sac of male genitalia and spermatheca of C. pallidus. Scale lines: 0.5mm. ..... . ... .. .. . ... ...... . ... . .. .. .. ... . . . . .. ... .. .. .. . .. . .. . 63 Fig. 2.79 Distribution of C. pallidus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Fig. 2.80 Dorsal view of C. elegans. Scale line: 5mm. .. . ..... ..... . . . .... . .... . . . .. ... .. . . .. 66 Figs 2.81-83 Median lobe and internal sac, eighth sternite and tergite of male terrninalia of C. elegans. Scale lines: 0.5 mm ...... . .. . . ... ...... . . . .... . . . ... .. .. .. 68 Figs 2.84-85 Ovipositor and spermatheca of C. elegans. Scale lines: Imm ... .. ... . . ... 68 Fig. 2.86 Distribution of C. elegans .... . ... . ... .. ..... ... .... .. .. . . . . . ..... ... .... .. ... ... ... . 69 Fig. 2.87 Dorsal view of C. marginatum. Scale line: 5mm.. . .. .. . . . .. . ... . .. . .. . .. ... . .. .. .. 7 1 Figs 2.88-90 Median lobe and internal sac, eighth stemite and eighth tergite of male terrninalia of C. marginatum. Scale lines: lmm. . .. . ....... . ....... . . .. .... ... . . .. . .. 72 Fig. 2.91 Ovipositor of C. marginatum, ventral view. Scale line: lmm........ . . . .. . . . .. . . 73 Fig. 2.92 Distribution of C. marginatum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4 Fig. 2.93 Dorsal view of C. costifer. Scale line: 5mm... . . . .. . ......... .. ... . . . . . . .......... . 75 Figs 2.94-96 Median lobe and internal sac, eighth sternite and eighth tergite of male terrninalia of C. costifer. Scale lines: Imm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Fig. 2.97 Distribution of C. costifer. . .. .. ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Fig. 3.1 Most parsimonious tree (Length= 53, Consistency Index= 0.660, Retention Index = 0.609) of Coptomma showing the distribution of the apomorphic state of characters (numbered as in Table 3.1). Characters that are reversed are subscripted (s : sulcata; m: marrisi) . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. 85 Fig. 3.2 Strict consensus tree from three equally parsimonious trees (Length= 52, Consistency Index=0.635, Retention Index = 0.558) of Calliprason, showing distribution of the apomorphic states of characters. Reversed characters are subscripted (e: elegans; s: sinclairi; m: marginatum; c: costifer) ... . . . . . . . .. ... . 94 List of Tables Table 1.1 Taxonomic framework of the selected groups of cerambycids at the commencement of the project in 1997.. .... .. .. .. . .. .......... . . . .... .......... . . . . . 2 Table 1.2 Distribution records of the species at the commencement of the project 1997 . . . . .. .. . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. 3 Table 3.1 Characters and character states used in the phylogenetic analysis of Coptomma (Character states in square brackets) . .. . .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. . . .. . . .. . . 81 Table 3.2 Character state matrix for Coptomma and outgroups .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . 85 Table 3.3 List of characters of Coptomma showing change in state supporting the labelled clades . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Table 3.4 Synapomorphies supporting the labelled clades and/or taxa in Fig.3.1.87 87 Table 3.5 Diagnostics of the contribution of different characters to the most parsimonious tree for Coptomma (Fig. 3 .1) .. . .. . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 88 Table 3.6 Characters and character states used in phylogenetic analysis of Callipras. (character states in square brackets) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Table 3.7 Character state matrix for Calliprason and outgroups....... ... . . ... .. .. . .. . .. 94 Table 3.8 List of characters of Calliprason , showing changes in states supporting labelled clades.... .. ... . . .. . .......... . .............. . . . ... ........ . ...... .. . .. ..... . . . . . . 95 Table 3.9 Synapomorphies supporting the labelled clades in Fig. 3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Table 3.10 Diagnostics of the contribution of different characters to the strict conser tree for Calliprason (Fig. 3.2) . ...... .... ........ ... . ... . . .... . . . ........... .. .... . .... 97 Table 4.1 Comparison between previous and present taxonomic systems . . . .. . .. . .. . .. 100 CHAPTERl GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 The Project The cerambycidae are a group of beetles whose larvae bore inside trees and other woody plants. Some species are serious pests in New Zealand, such as Oemona hirta (Fabricius), attacking citrus and grape vines, and Navomorpha lineata (Fabricius), damaging Douglas Fir and Cryptomeria trees (Dumbleton, 1957; Bain, 1976). Sound systematic and distributional knowledge is needed to help design control strategies for pest species and approaches to biodiversity conservation. However, the taxonomy of New Zealand cerambycids is still very unsettled, making applied entomological research and pest control difficult. Preliminary examination of all museum cerambycid collections in New Zealand at the beginning of this project showed that in the subfamily Cerambycinae, there were numerous monotypic genera but generic status of many seemed not justified. During the course of the preliminary study, I found that two distinct and very different groups of species, which were assigned to seven different genera, might be in fact two distantly related genera. The first group included two genera, Coptomma Newman with one species and Navomorpha White with six species, and the second consisted of five monotypic genera, Calliprason White, Pseudocalliprason Broun, Drotus Sharp, Stenopotes Pascoe and Epheus Broun. Obviously, these genera needed revising and species needed redescribing. In addition, the relationship between species within each group has not previously been studied from a cladistic perspective. Considering the significance of these two groups of cerambycids and the amount of time needed for their revisions, I decided to work on their systematics for my one-year masterate programme. 1.2 Historical Background to the Taxonomy of the Two Selected Groups Fabricius (1775) described three species, variegatum, sulcatum and lineatum under the genus Callidium. In 1840, Newman erected a new genus Coptomma for the species C. virgatum [ = C. variegatum (Fabricius)] and C. textorium Newman. Three years later Dieffenbach (1843) transferred Callidium sulcatum and C. lineatum to Coptomma. White ( 1855) proposed the genus Navomorpha accommodating species Coptomma lineatum (Fabricius), C. sulcatum (Fabricius) and C. acutipenne White. The number of species in Navomorpha increased to six in 1926. Chapter 1 General Introduction: 2 White (1843) described a species, sinclairi, under a new genus Calliprason, and another species, marginatum, under the same genus three years later (White, 1846). Broun (1880) proposed a new genus Pseudocalliprason based on the type species C. marginatum. New genera and species Stenopotes pallidus, Drotus elegans and Epheus costifer were described by Pascoe (1875), Sharp (1877) and Broun (1886), respectively. The genera and species of my selected groups are listed in Table 1.1. Table 1.1 Taxonomic framework of the selected groups of cerambycids at the commencement of the project in 1997 Genus Coptomma Navomorpha Calliprason Pseudocalliprason Stenopotes Drotus Epheus 1.3 Relationships Species variegata (Fabricius), 1775 sulcata (Fabricius), 1775 lineata (Fabricius), 1775 stictica Broun, 1893 philpotti Brookes, 1926 douei Lucas, 1863 textoria (Newman), 1840 sinclairi White, 1843 marginatum (White), 1846 pallidus Pascoe, 187 5 elegans Sharp, 1877 costifer Broun, 1886 There has been almost no work on relationships between species within each group apart from fragmentary comments of the relationships between some genera made by Broun (1880, 1893). For example, Broun (1880) pointed out that Pseudocalliprason marginatum should be placed near Calliprason sinclairi. He also stated (1893) that N. stictica was similar to N. lineata. Needless to say, such relationships would be brought to light through a phylogenetic analysis of those species using modern methods and techniques. Chapter 1 General Introduction: 3 1.4 Distribution Records The distribution records of known species (Fabricius, 1801; D'Urville, 1835; Newman, 1840; Dieffenbach, 1843; White, 1846; White, 1855; Redtenbacher, 1868; Bates, 1874; Pascoe, 1875; Broun, 1880; Hudson, 1934; Bain, 1976; Zondag & Bain, 1976) are listed in Table 1.2. No further description of distribution based on overall consideration of recent collection has been made, an omission which needs rectifying as a basis for work in pest quarantine and management, and conservation of beneficial species. Table 1.2 Distribution records of the species at the commencement of the project in 1997 Species Coptomma variegata Navomorpha sulcata line at a stictica philpotti douei textoria Calliprason sinclairi Pseudocalliprason Distribution New Zealand [mis-recorded as Australia by Newman (1940)] New Zealand: Auckland, Christchurch, Tairua New Zealand New Zealand: Clevedon, Pohangina, Kaitoke, Wainui-o-mata New Zealand New Caledonia New Zealand [mis-recorded as Australia by Newman (1940)] New Zealand: Tairua, Whangarei Heads, Wellington marginatum New Zealand: Tairua, Gollan's Valley, Whangarei Stenopotes pallidus New Zealand: Waikato, Tairua, Whangarei Harbour, Drotus elegans Epheus costifer Wellington, Auchland, Katikati New Zealand: Tairua New Zealand: Wellington, Tuakau, Waikato, Kaeo Chapter 1 General Introduction: 4 1.5 Main Aims of This Study On the basis of the above knowledge of those longicom beetles, the present study aims to : 1) Provide a thorough taxonomic revision of the above genera, evaluation of taxonomically useful characters, provision of identification keys to species, descriptions of new species and re-descriptions of known species. 2) Describe distribution and biology aspects of those genera. 3) Undertake a phylogenetic analysis of the revised genera using cladistic methods. CHAPTER2 TAXONOMY OF THE GENERA COPTOMMA AND CALLIPRASON 2.1 Introduction In this c hapter I will focus on the taxonomic treatment of the two groups previously mentioned, including taxonomic revis ions of genera, descriptions and illustrations of new and known species, and keys to these species. In the present study, five species, variegata, sulcata, lineata, stictica and marrisi, are recognised in the genus Coptomma and five species, pallidus, marginatum, sinclairi, costifer and e/egans, in the genus Calliprason. Having examined hundreds of specimens and evaluated many taxonomic characters, I am convinced that the e two genera are monophyletic. 2.2 Materials and Methods 2.2.1 Specimens Examined More than 450 specimens have been examined during the course of the study. Types of most species were examined by me or by S. Shute in The Natural History Museum, in London , where the types arc deposited. Specimens borrowed from the fo l lowing institutions, abbreviated as shown in the text, were deposited in the institutions where they were borrowed. AMNZ ANTC CMNZ FRNZ JNNZ LUNZ BMNH NZAC MONZ OMNZ WMNZ Auckland Museum, Auckland Australian National Insect Collection, CSTRO, Canberra Canterbury Museum, Christchurch Forest Research Institute, Rotorua J'Nunn Collection, Dunedin Lincoln U niversity, Canterbury The Natural Hi tory Museum, London New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Auckland Museum Of New Zealand, Well ington Otago Museum, Dunedin Whangarei Museum, Whangarei Material examined is listed in latitudinal order. Area codes of specimen locality are shown in Fig. 2. 1 (Crosby et al., 1976). Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 6 AK Auckland BP Bay of Plenty CL Coromandel GB Gisborne HB Hawke's Bay ND Northland RI Rangitikei TK Taranaki TO Tau po WA Wai rarapa WI Wanganui WN Wellington WO Waikato BR Buller CH Chatham Islands co Central Otago DN Dunedin FD Fiord land KA Kaikoura MB Marlborough MC Mid Canterbury MK Mackenzie NC North Canterbury NL No locality NN Nelson OL Otago Lakes SC South Centerbury ;."' ----- ------ .... SD Marlborough Sounds ·. !!!? ., . ' ·. ' SI Stewart Island ... ~ ,• ,' ,.· .... -· . . SL Southland I WD Westland Fig. 2.1. Specimen localities in New Zealand showing area codes in text (from Crosby et al., 1976) 2.2.2 Measurements and Illustrations External measurements were made under a stereo microscope (Olympus VM), and measurements of terminalia under a compound microscope (Olympus BH), using ocular micrometers. All measurements of length are the greatest length. For example, the length of the elytra is between shoulder and apex; basal 1/6 - 416 of elytra 120mm long Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 7 is between a point 20mm backward from shoulder and a point 40mm forward from apex. Drawings were made under the above microscopes with the aid of camera lucida attachments. The entire body of each species (dorsal view) was illustrated as photographs. 2.2.3 Dissections of Terminalia The terminalia were prepared by soaking the whole beetle in the water bath at 80°C for 20 - 30 minutes depending on the size of the beetle, then fastening the softened beetle using insect pins, carefully removing the terrninalia with a pair of tiny sharp forceps without removal of abdomen, and clearing them in 10% KOH at 25°C for 24 hours . The terminalia were then washed with distilled water, dehydrated with 70% and absolute ethanol and mounted in Euparal as a permanent slide for male, and for female preserved in a vial with 75% ethanol plus 5% gly'cerine. 2.2.4 Terminology Terminology for terrninalia adopted in this paper partially follows Sharp and Muir (1912), Ehara (1954), Hutcheson (1980), and Wang (1993) and that for others partially follows Wang (1993) in general. Introductory explanatory diagrams (Figs 2.2-46) cover much of the terminology used for morphological features . The following list is a limited glossary of terms pertaining to the text. INDICATION OF ORIENTATION OF BODY Fig. 2.2 shows the body orientation used in the description, including: longitudinal, or anterior to posterior; dorsoventral, or dorsal (upper) to ventral (lower); transverse, or lateral (outer) through the longitudinal axis to the opposite lateral; for appendages, such as the elytra, basal refers to near the body and apical to distant from the body. In addition, structures may be described as medial if they are nearer to the rnidline (median line), or lateral if they are closer to the body margin. HEAD (Figs 2.3-5 ) Eyes. The eye is generally emarginate internally and divided into upper lobe and lower lobe incompletely (Fig. 2.3). Ch apter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason : 8 midline l:::::::;:;:~----.~ Fig. 2.2 The major body axes and the relationship of parts of the appendages to the body, shown for Coptomma lineata. ~-due___. die tg ~t--~~~~'*~~~· ~~+·~4~~~·· ,~· ===~~:---:/- Pc --==-~i;___- la Fig. 2.3. Head of Coptomma variegata, front view. Tenns and measurements described in the text: a, antenna! socket; ac, anteclypeus; dal, distance between antenna! socket and lateral angle of postclypeus; die, distance between lower lobes of eyes; due, distance between upper lobes of eyes; e, eye; g, gena; I, labrum; la, lateral angle of postclypeus; m, mandible; pc, postclypeus; tg, transverse groove between tentorial pits. Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 9 Antenna! sockets. The antenna! socket is a cavity holding the antenna and is located between eyes. Frons. The frons is the area between eyes (antennal sockets) and bordered anteriorly by the base of the postclypeus and posteriorly by the vertex. Features of hairs, proportion of height vs width of the frons, and angle of frons with vertex (Figs 2.4-5) are used in the taxonomy. 5 Figs 2.4-5. Heads of: 4, Coptomma variegata; 5, C. sulcata. Lateral view. Antennae. The antenna is eleven-segmented, fifiform with segment 1 (scape) most robust, segment 2 (pedicel) smallest, and the segment 3-1 1 (flagellum) linear. Measurements of head. These measurements include the distance between upper lobes of eyes, distance between lower lobes of eyes, distance between antenna! socket and lateral angle of postclypeus (Fig. 2.3 ). THORAX (Figs 2. 6-21) Prothorax and mesothorax. The prothorax tends to be longer than wide giving it an ' elongate taper appearance in most species but ranges to a state of being as wide as long in C. variegata. Pronotum may be smooth, punctuate throughout, punctuate on sides of disc (Figs 2.6-7), tuberculate (Fig. 2.8) or spinose (Fig. 2 .9) on disc . Lateral sides of pronotum may be rounded (Figs 2 .6-7) or spinose (Figs 2.8-9). The prostemal and mesosternal processes may be simple in Calliprason (Figs 2.10- 11 ), vertical or produced in Coptomma (Figs 2.12-15). Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliorason: 10 .... : ~ .. : ... . . . . . ,• .. ··,· ... . . . . . " :. ". ·::: . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . ·: . ·.· ....... ... :. : : . . . . . ·. · . • ' ... .... . ... . ... ·.: ~ · ... · ... · . ., .. , .· .· .. · .· .. · ·.· . · ...... · .. . ·· .......... · .· ... ·.·: ·-::·:.: ...... .·· . :: '. : . : · .. · . .. ...... ·· · 8 .. . · :: ·.·.· . ·: ,. 6 7 9 Figs 2.6-9. Pronota of four species beetles, dorsal view: 6, Coptomma variegara; 7, C. stictica; 8, Calliprason sinclairi; 9, C. marginatum. 10 11 Figs 2.10-11. Sterna of Calliprason pallidus 10, vental view; 11, lateral view; ps, prostemum; ms, mesostemum; mt, metastemum. Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 11 12 13 Figs 2.12-13. Sterna of Coptomma variegata: 12, ventral view; 13, lateral view; ps, prosternum; ms, mesosternum; mt, metastemum. 14 15 Figs 2.14-15. Sterna of C. lineata: 14, ventral view; 15, lateral view; ps , prostemum; ms, mesosternum; mt, metastemum. Chapter 2 T axonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason : 12 The shape of the scutellum varies from triangular to parabola (Figs 2.16-19). Figs 2.16-19. Scutella, dorsal view: 16, Coptomma sulcata, equilaterally triangular; 17, C. variegata, transversely triangular; 18, Calliprason marginatum, curvilinearly triangular; 19, C. costifer, parabola. Metathorax. The only readily visible part of the metathorax is the metastemum, which may be punctuate or impunctuate. Elytra. The elytra are elongate, apices vary from rounded (Fig. 2.20) to spined at margin (Fig. 2.21). The disc of the elytra has bands or stripes of coloured, depressed hairs in Coptomma, and has punctures, a depressed or erect hairs arising from each in Calliprason. 20 21 Figs 2.20-21. Left elytra, dorsal view: 20, Coptomma variegata; 21, C. sulcata . Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 13 Legs. The femur has depressed hairs that may form coloured patterns. Relative length of basal segment and the sum of the second and third segments of hind tarsus varies between species. ABDOMEN (Figs 2.22-24 ) The abdominal ventrites may be punctate and have depressed hair patterns (Figs 2.22-24). 22 23 Figs 2.22-24. Stemites, ventral view: 22, Coptomma sulcata; 23, C. lineata; 24, C. variegata. TERMINAL/A (Figs 2.25-46) The male terminalia examined include aedeagus, tegmen, the eighth stemite and tergite. The female terminalia include genital segment 9 (ovipositor) and efferent system. Aedeagus. This includes 1) a median lobe with a pair of median struts and 2) an internal sac (Fig. 2.25). Generally, the median lobe is represented by a strongly chitinized tube. The apical part of median lobe is divided laterally into two lobes, separated by a membrane running along each side, from median orifice to the base of median struts (Fig. 2.26). The apex of the ventral lobe varies from pointed (Fig. 2.27), to strongly projected (Fig. 2.28). The median lobe generally differs in ventral view interspecifically. The internal sac is membranous and divided into 2 regions : basal unspined region and terminal spined region. Spined region has 2-3 sections (Fig. 2.25), Chapter 2 . _.,. ....... ·:;...::'./.·,·., '.' : ...... ·.,."t : ·' ,~.;·; ·.:.:. 25 27 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 14 I I c j ., I - is 28 +-+-- vi 26 6 L1 29 30 J( 31 Figs 2.25-33. Aedeagus: 25, median lobe and internal sac of Coptomma variegata, ventral view: fs, first section; m, median lobe; sr, spined region; ss, second section; ts, third section; g, unspined gap; ur, unspined region; 26, median lobe of Coptomma sulcata, lateral view: er, chitinous rod; dl, dorsal lobe; is, internal sac; mb, membrane between ventral and dorsal lobes; ms, median strut; vi, ventral lobe; 27-28, ventral lobe: 27, pointed; 28, strongly projected; 29-33, types of spines and processes: 29, simple small and short; 30, simple small and long; 31, simple large and long; 32, multi­ branched; 33, scale-like. Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 15 each section has different patterns and shape of spines or processes and internal chitinous structures. The forms of spines and processes are shown in Figs 2.29-33 . Eighth sternite of male . The shape of this part varies interspecifically and its lateral sides may be rounded (Fig. 2.34), subparallel (Fig. 2.35-36), oblique ly truncate (Fig. 2.37) . Setae arise from it terminally (Fig. 2 .34) or sublaterally and terminally (Figs 2.35 -37) but may be present (Fig. 2.34) or absent (Figs 2.35-37) in the mid-terminal area of the . ' . , .. .. .. ... , . - 'I "" • , '. 34 36 35 I I', O sm 37 Figs 2.34-37. Eighth .sternites of male: 34, Coptomma variegata; 35, C. lineata; 36, C. sulcata; 37, Calliprason pallidus; mm, multi-branched microspines; sm, simple . . rrucrospmes . Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 16 sternite. There are microspines on its ventral surface in some species (Figs 2.34, 2.36 and 2.37). Eighth tergite of male. The shape of the terminal part may be slightly emarginate (Fig. 2.38), rounded (Fig. 2.39), clearly emarginate (Fig. 2.40), or truncate (Fig . 2.41). There are micros pines or multi-branched spines on its middle area (Figs 2.38-41 ) . ... ' .. 38 ' . - . .. . ' . .. . .. ,,.. ~ 40 --mm .. . , - -- - - _ .. , ..... ~ : -~ .. - ... - - _ ..... ' .., ............ - .. ' - - 39 1 • I ' I ' . •,' . ' . . . ' .. ' . ' ' I I I II I t,·I ' ' ' I I I I 'I ' ' I : ' : : : : · "' : : '" I I \ · ·. . . · · . · .. · ---->.-- sm I I I 1 1 , I, , , I I I I 41 Figs 2.38-41. Eighth tergites of male: 38, Coptomma lineata; 39, C. variegata; 40, C. sulcata; 41, Calliprason pallidus; mm, multi-branched microspines; sm, simple micros pines . Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 17 Ovipositor. Ovipositor includes paraproct, coxite and stylus (Figs 2.42-43). In genera Coptomma and Calliprason, the paraprocts are strengthened longitudinally by longitudinal rods, including proctiger baculi , dorsal baculi, and paraproct baculi (Figs 2.42-43). Coxite and stylus are rather similar in general shape throughout the genera Coptomma and Calliprason . The shape and the relative length of proctiger baculi and dorsal baculi vary between species. par~ . pab--... ~I 43 Figs 2.42-43. Ovipositor: 42, Coptomma sulcata; 43, Calliprason pallidus. cox, coxite; db, dorsal baculi; pab, paraproct baculi; par, paraproct; pb, proctiger baculi; sty, styli. Efferent system of female. The efferent system is the internal reproductive system, and includes the ovaries, lateral oviducts, lateral branches of the uterus, ulterus and spermatheca and spermathecal gland. The structures of those organs are rather similar in general shape throughout Coptomma and Calliprason but the shape of spermatheca and position of spermathecal gland on spermatheca (Figs 2.44-46) allow females of most species to be reliably identified. Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 18 44 Figs 2.44-46. Spermatheca: 44, Coptomma variegata; 45, C. lineata; 46, Calliprason marginatum. sg, spermathecal gland. 2.2.5 Descrip!ions and Keys A brief diagnosis is given to Coptomma and Calliprason. Detailed descriptions are provided for the genera and all species in hand. Keys to all species in each genus are given. Characters used in keys to species and in the Comments section for each species are for practical purposes and do not necessarily reflect the phylogenetic relationships. 2.2.6 Ecological and Distributional Records The ecological and distributional records are from collection notes of each specimen examined and literature. These data will be listed in the Biology and Distribution sections for each species. Scientific names of host plants follow Kelsey and Dayton ( 1942), Lucy and Edgar (1970), Healy ·and Edgar (1980), Allan (1982), and Webb et al (1988). Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 19 2.3 Taxonomy of the Genus Coptomma Introduction Before the present study commenced, one species had been recognised in the genus Coptomma and six species in the genus Navomorpha (Lacordaire, 1869; Bates, 1874; Broun, 1880, 1893; Aurivillius, 1912; Blair, 1937). In this study, I propose the synonymies Navomorpha with Coptomma because they share generic characters such as both prosternal and mesosternal processes vertical or produced, and pronotum with longitudinal hairy stripes. One new species is included in the genus . These changes bring the total number of species of Coptomma to six. However, the New Caledonian species N. douei is not included in this study because no specimen has been seen. The Genus Coptomma Newman Coptomma ewman, 1840: 18. - Dieffenbach, 1843:278; White, 1846:20; D'Urville, 1855:274, t. 17, fig.1. White, 1855:335; Lacordaire, 1869:222; Bates, 1874:23; Broun, 1880:589; Aurivillius, 1912:488; Hudson, 1934:115; Blair, 1937:266; Duffy, 1963: 150; Kuschel, 1990:67. [Type species: Coptomma virgatum Newman, 1840: 18.] Tmesistemus Serville, 1834:72. - D'Urville, 1835:469; Dieffenbach, 1843:278 (synonymy with Navomorpha); Thomson, 1860:357; 1864:360; Redtenbacher, 1868: 178; Aurivillius, 1912:488. [Type species: Callidium variegatum Fabricius, 1775: 1849, by monotypy.] syn. nov Navomorpha White, 1855:334. - Thomson, 1860:356; 1864:360; Redtenbacher, 1868: 178; Lacordaire, 1869:224; Hutton, 1873: 164; Bates, 1874:24; Broun, 1880:590; 1893: 1284; Aurivillius, 1912:488; Hudson, 1934: 116; Blair, 1937:266; Dumbleton, 1957:620; Duffy, 1963:151; Bain, 1976:1; Grehan, 1982: 1; Kuschel, 1990:67. [Type species: Coptomma lineatum Dieffenbach, 1843:279.] syn. nov. Naomorpha - Gemminger & Harold, 1873:2984. (mis-spelling). Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 20 Diagnosis Distinguished by vertex-frontal region of head and pronotum with longitudinal hairy stripes ; elytra with longitudinal hairy stripes or oblique fasciae; base of pronotum partly embraced by elytra; prosternal process vertical or slightly produced backward; mesosternal process vertical or produced forward; elytra with rare or no punctures and abdomen sternites nitid on middle line, with triangular pattern of coloured depressed hairs on lateral sides. Description. Size small to median for Cerambycidae, robust. Colour. Body greenish-brown, reddish brown to black. Two longitudinal stripes of yellowish-white hairs starting between frons and vertex and extending to posterior margin of pronotum. Each elytron with longitudinal stripes or oblique fasciae of yellowish-white hairs . Stemites with yellowish-white hairs on sides. Head. Narrower than prothorax; width of frons between 1.5 and 3.5 times height ; distance between lower lobes of eyes 2.3-4.6 times distance between antenna! socket and lateral angle of postclypeus, and about 1.1-2.6 times distance between upper lobes of eyes. Scape moderate, thick, about as long as or longer than third segment. Thorax and abdomen. Pronotal disc smooth and nitid. Prosternal process vertical or slightly produced backward (Figs 2.12-15). Mesostemal process vertical or produced forward (Figs 2.12-15). Scutellum equilaterally or transversely triangular (Figs 2.16-17). Metastemum nitid and with sparse hairs and punctures. Elytra smooth and nitid. Abdomen hardly punctured. Male terminalia. Apex of median lobe pointed (Fig. 2.27). Internal sac divided into 2 regions: basal unspined region and terminal spined region; spined region with 2 or 3 sections: all sections with 1 to 3 kinds of spines, including simple spines, multi­ branched spines and scale-like spines. Eighth stemite rounded, parallel, subparallel or obliquely truncate at lateral sides; apex truncate or emarginate with setae; multi­ branched microspines or no microspines on ventral surface (Figs 2.34-36). Apex of eighth tergite rounded or emarginate (Figs 2.38-40) Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 21 Ovipositor. Each paraproct baculi starting from basal 217 and extending to apical 1/ 10; length of proctiger baculi 0.4-0.5 times or 1-1.4 times as long as dorsal baculi (Fig. 2.42); spermatheca slightly or clearly curved; spermathecal gland arise near apex or base (Figs 2.44- 45). Distribution (Figs 2.49, 2.53 , 2.57, 2.64, 2.68) Widely distributed in North Island, South Island, Stewart Island and Three Kings Islands Key to the Species of Coptomma Newman Angle of frons with vertex < 100°; prothorax wider than long; mesosternal process vertical and slightly produced forward, not covering prosternal process .. .... . . . .. .. .. .. ...... ... . .. .... .. ... .. ... ..... ...... .... . ... ... . C. variegata (Fabricius) Angle of frons with vertex > 100°; Prothorax longer than wide; mesosternal process distinctly produced forward and overhanging and covering prosternal process ... ... . . .. .. ..... .. .. .... . .... ......... . .... ... . .. ...... ... .. .. .... . .... . ............. .. . ... 2 2 Two longitudinal stripes of coloured hairs on sides of vertex-frontal region subparallel between antennae; antenna! segment 3 distinctly longer than segment 4; apices of elytra sharply spined at margin ...... .. C. sulcata (Fabricius) Two longitudinal stripes of coloured hairs on sides of vertex-frontal region approached between antennae; antenna! segment 3 as long as segment 4; apices of elytra rounded ............... . . . ..... . ....... . ...... . .................................. 3 3 Depressed hairs on pronotal disc and elytra spotted or clustered . . .. . . .. . .... . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . C. stictica (Broun) Depressed hair on pronotal disc and elytra uniformly arranged in longitudinal grooves .. ...... . . ... . . . ......... . ....................... . .... . ..... . .. .. . ... .... . .. . ........ 4 4 Width of frons < 1.9 times height; longitudinal stripe of coloured hairs near elytron suture starting from base; inner side of hind femur without hairs . .... . ........ . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . ....... .. . . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .... C. lineata (Fabricius) Width of frons > 2.2 times height; longitudinal stripe of coloured hairs near elytron suture starting from basal 117 - 118; inner side of hind femur with hairs . ... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... .... ... ... C. marrisi sp. nov. Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 22 Coptomma variegata (Fabricius) (Figs 2.47, 2.25, 2.34, 2.39, 2.48, 2.44, 2.49) Callidium variegatum Fabricius, 1775:189. - Gmelin, 1790:189; Olivier, 1790:252; 1795:25, t. 5, fig. 58; Fabricius, 1801:340. Tmesisternus variegatum Serville, 1834:72. - Thomson, 1860:357; 1864:360. Tmesisternus variegatus. -D'Urville, 1835:469; Dieffenbach, 1843:278; Redtenbacher, 1868: 178; Hutton, 1873: 164. Coptomm.a virgatum, Newman, 1840: 18. - Dieffenbach, 1843:278 (synonymy). Coptomma variegatum. - Dieffenbach, 1843:278; White, 1846:20; Blanchard, 1853:274, t. 17, fig . l. White, 1855:335; Lacordaire, 1869:222; Bates, 1874:23; Broun, 1880:589; Aurivillius, 1912:488; Hudson, 1934: 115; Blair, 1937:266; Duffy, 1963: 150; Kuschel, 1990:67. Material Examined Callidium variegatum. Holotype could not be located. Material compared with BMNH specimens by S. Shute (BMNH): 16 , Motueka, 15.i.1968, C. Lackner (CMNZ); 1 Cf ,Putaruru,21.iv .1961 (AMNZ). Coptomma virgatum. Holotype could not be located. The type was originally deposited in Children Museum. Part of Children Collection was moved to BMNH. However, as far as I know, the type is not in BMNH. Other material. 396, 32 Cf . ND: 1 Cf , Maungaturoto, in garden, 1.vi.1989, Mrs. L. Mack (NZAC); 1 Cf , Hen Island, 14.i.1932, A. E. Brookes (NZAC); 1 Cf, as above but 14-20.i.1932 (MONZ); 1 ~, Kaitaia, 13.iii.1958, L. S. Malthus (AMNZ); 3 6, Tauraroa, 25.xii. 1949, E. Fairburn (WMNZ); 16, Whangarei, ii.1959, E. McCherson, terminalia slide No. Coptomma m-970417-2 (AMNZ). AK: 16, Wenderholm, North Auckland, 2.iii .1990, A. Tennyson (MONZ); 16, Piha (36°57'S, 174°24'E), 29.i.1948, terminalia slide No. Coptomma m-970421 -1 (AMNZ); 1 ~, Wellsford, i.1954, M. Fawn (AMNZ); 16, Torbay, Auckland, 3.xi.1949 (AMNZ); 16, Port Waikato, ii.1976, A. Tannoir (CMNZ); 1 ~, Wenderholm, 10.i.1988, J. S. Dugdale (NZAC); 16, Auckland, Milford, Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 23 6.xii.1890, Henderson (NZAC); 1 ¥, Tawharanui, vi.1958, F. Shepherd (NZAC); 1 ¥, Karekare, Summer, 1983-84, M. F. Tocker (NZAC); 1 cl', as above but Wokefield (CMNZ). WO: 1 ¥, Glen Afton, 8.iii.1958, M. Machen (NZAC); 1 cl', Matamata, 19.iii.1959 (NZAC); 1 ¥, 1 cl', Otorohanga, 23.iii.1945 (AMNZ); 1 cl', Katikati, 18.iii.1932 (AMNZ); lcl', Horahora, Cambridge, 20.ii.1959, A. Head (AMNZ); lei', Ngaruawahia, iv.1960, K. Lourie, terminalia slide No. Coptomma m-970417-1 (AMNZ); 1 ¥, Okauia, 1930, A. E. Brookes, terminalia No. Coptomma f-970415-2 (NZAC); 1 ¥, Putaruru, 21.iv.1961, on neck of person (AMNZ). GB: 1 ¥, Awaters River Valley, Pohutu, 60m, Swept dead kowhai branches, 17.iii.1893, R.F. Gilbert (CMNZ); 1 ¥, Wairoa South (AMNZ). TO: 1 ¥, Mt. Tongariro, 1960m, under rock, 17.xii.1985, R.M. Emberson & P. Syrett (LUNZ); 1 a, Mt. Ngaruhoe 2271 m, 26.i.1980, A. K. Waiker (NZAC); l ¥, Taupo, Acacia Bay, 20.ii.1947, J.S. Armstrong (NZAC); lcl', Taupo, 20.i.1952, C.R. Foskeit (MONZ). TK: 1 a, Mt. Egmont, 4.ii.1933, H. Murray (MONZ). HB: 1 ¥, Portland Island, 1923, C. Robson (AMNZ). WI: l cl', Palmerston North, 14.xii.1962, R. Penman (NZAC); l ¥, as above but 24.xii.1958, B. Wright (NZAC); 1 ¥,as above but W. Penman, terminalia No. Coptomma f-970416-2 (NZAC); la, Johnson Pk., Feilding, iii.1960, R. Rovve (AMNZ). WA: 1 cl', Masterton, i.1962, W. B. H. Smith, terminalia slide No. Coptomma m-970415-1 (NZAC). WN: 1 ¥, Days Bay, Wellington, 2.iii.1995, E. W. Dawson (MONZ); l cl', Nikau Street, Eastbourne, in basement, 14.xi.1988, A. Girdlestone (MONZ); 1 ¥, Browns Bay, Paremata, ii.1984, K. E. Jenkins (MONZ); 1 ¥,York Bay, Wellington, 3.vi.1969 (MONZ); l ¥, Wairarapa, Featherston, i.1963, A. McDougall (MONZ); l cl', Silver Stream, l 9.vi.1911, O'Connor (MONZ); 1 cl', Titahi Bay, l .i.1912, O'Connor (MONZ); 1 a, Akatarawa, 19.vii.1952, M. Remington (MONZ); 1 O', Paraparaumu, 1976, J. Nunn (JNNZ). NN: 1 O', Nelson, ii.1960 (NZAC); 1 O', Motueka, 15.i.1968, C. Lackner (CMNZ); 1 ¥,Nelson, 29.i.1965, J. I. Townsend, terminalia No. Coptomma f-970416-1 (NZAC); 1 O', Kohaihai River, 26.xii.1930, J. S. Armstrong (NZAC); 1 ¥, Nelson, i.1960 (NZAC). SD: 1 '.i?, Tory Channel, Telro Bay, in flight, l.i.1993, J. W. M. Marris (LUNZ). KA: 1 ¥, Oaro, in cobweb, 20.iii.1982, G. Talbot (LUNZ); 1 ¥,Wharf, 10.iii.1947, Watt, terminalia No. Coptomma f-970414-1(LUNZ);1¥,Thames,14.iv.1961, R. Thorpe (AMNZ); 1 ¥, Kowhai log whaka, xii.1960 (LUNZ). WD: 1 o", Hickson, ii.1973 (CMNZ). CO: 1 ¥, Blue lake Garvie Mts., 5000m, 4.i.1934, E. M. Heine (MONZ). DN: Id', Dunedin, 14.xii.1989, A. Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 24 C. Harris.(~; 1 cl', Dunedin, 18.iii.40.1940 (NZAC). NL: 4 cl', no locality (CMNZ); l cl', 1 ~. no locality, Wakefield (CMNZ); 2 cl' , no locality, 4.ii.1923 , 1920-1923, J .F. Tapley (CMNZ)i. Description: Male Body length: 14.1 - 23.5 mm. Colour (Fig. 2.47). Labrum, clypeus and two terminal segments of antennae yellowish-brown, remaining parts reddish-brown to black. A band of yellowish hairs in transverse groove between tentorial pits extending backwards to emargination of each eye. Two longitudinal stripes of yellowish hairs in shallow grooves star·ting between frons and vertex and extending to posterior margin of pronotum; one such stripe near each side of pronotum; region beyond side stripes with hairy spots arising from large punctures; a yellowish hairy stripe on each of lateral-ventral sides, extending between posterior and Fig. 2.47. Dorsal view of C. variegata. Scale line: 5mrn. Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 25 anterior 1/3 - 114. Elytron with yellow hairy spots, concentrated near base in form of an oblique line and near middle as a transverse one. Each side of first 4 visible stemites with 2 yellowish hairy spots, lateral one smaller than inner one (Fig. 2.24 ). Hind femur with an oblique pale hairy spot on upper side. Head. Narrower than prothorax; sparsely punctured, with a fine impressed line between two longitudinal hairy stripes; frons very short, less than 100° angle with vertex (Fig. 2.4); width of frons 3-3.5 times height; distance between lower lobes of eyes 4-4.6 times distance between antenna! socket and lateral angle of postclypeus, and 1.8-2.6 times distance between upper lobes of eyes. Antennae extending beyond elytra by a third of their length; scape moderate, thick, about as long as third segment; segment 4 shorter than segment 3, segment 5 or segment 6. Thorax and abdomen. Prothorax wider than long; disc of pronotum nitid, with a pair of coarsely punctured depressions near anterior and posterior ends, respectively (Fig. 2.6). Prostemal process vertical and slightly produced backward (Fig. 2.12-13). Mesostemal process vertical and slightly produced forward (Fig. 2.12-13); scutellum transversely triangular (Fig. 2.17). Metastemum with sparse hairs and punctures. Elytra nitid with shallow punctures; each with a highly raised longitudinal costa near suture; apex rounded (Fig. 2.20). Legs with fairly dense hairs. Abdomen nitid and hardly punctured. Male terminalia. Apex of median lobe pointed (Fig. 2.27). Spined region of internal sac more than twice as long as unspined region; spined region divided into three sections: first section with fairly dense scale-like processes only; second section as long as first section, with dense multi-branched spines only; third section about twice as long as second section, with dense mixture of simple small and long spines and multi-branched spines; a U-shaped dark area in third section, consisting of dense simple large and long spines only; an unspined gap between first and second sections about as long as 2/3 first section; an unspined gap between second and third sections as long as third section; a pair of internal chitinous rods near basal internal sac (Fig. 2.25). Eighth sternite rounded at lateral sides, basal and apical sides parallel; apex almost truncate with setae; fairly dense multi-branched microspines on ventral surface (Fig. 2.34). Apex of eighth tergite rounded (Fig. 2.39). Chapter 2 Taxonomv of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 26 Female Body length: 15.1-24.1 mm Antennae shorter than body. Distance between lower lobes of eyes 3.5- 4.2 times distance between antennal socket and lateral angle of postclypeus. Disc of pronotum without punctured depressions. Ovipositor. Each paraproct baculi extending from about basal 3/5 to apical 1/1 O; length of proctiger baculi 2 - 2.5 times length of dorsal baculi (Fig. 2.48). \ ) Fig. 2.48. Ovipositor of C. variegata, ventral view. Scale line: lmm. Spermatheca. Slightly curved; spermathecal gland arising near apex (Fig. 2.44). Variation It may be difficult to find microspines on ventral surface of male eighth sternite in some specimens. Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 27 Biology Host plants: Beilschmiedia tawa Ben th (Miller, 1925), Edwardsia (or Sophora) tetraptera Miller (Gourlay, 1960), dead Acacia decurrens (Wendl.) Willd., A. meamsii De Wild., Albizia. lophantha Benth. and Sophora microphylla Miller (Kuschel, 1990). Adults were collected in flight, cobweb, garden and under rock during January to April, November and December. Distribution (Fig. 2.49) Widely distributed in both North and South Islands between about 35°s to 46°s, including ND, AK, WO GB, TO, TK, HB, WI, WA, WN, 1'.1N, SD, KA, WD, CO and DN, but rather abundant in ND, AK and WN. • • • I ~ a Fig. 2.49. Distribution of C. variegata. Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 28 Comments According to Fabricius' (1775) and Newman's (1840) original descriptions. C. virgatum is a synonym of C. variegatum. The original distribution record of C. virgatwn was obviously incorrect. This species is not in Australia. This species resembles C. stictica (Fig. 2.58) but differs in having the body size bigger, colour darker; a band of yellowish hairs in transverse groove between tentorial pits extending backwards to the emargination of each eye; prothorax wider than long; hairs on elytron concentrated near base in form of an oblique line and near middle as a transverse one; each side of first 4 sternites with 2 yellowish hairy spots; hind femur with an oblique pale hairy spot on upper side. Coptomma sulcata (Fabricius) (Figs 2.50, 2.51, 2.36, 2.40, 2.42, 2.52, 2,53) Callidium sulcatum Fabricius, 1775:189. - Gmelin, 1790:1849; Olivier, 1790:253; 1795:26, t. 4, fig. 48; Fabricius, 1801:340. Coptomrna sulcatum. - Dieffenbach, 1843:278; White, 1846:20. Navomorpha sulcatum. - Bates, 1874:24; Broun, 1880:590; Hudson, 1934: 116; Blair, 1937:266; Dumbleton, 1957:621. Navomorpha sulcata. - White, 1855:334; Hutton, 1873:164; Aurivillius, 1912:489; Duffy, 1963:153; Kuschel, 1990:67. Coptomma acutipenne White, 1846:20, t. 4, Fig. 2. Navomorpha acutipennis. - White, 1855:334; Hutton, 1873: 164; Bates, 1874:24 (synonymy). Navomorpha neglectum, Broun, 1880:591. - Hudson, 1934:209. Navomorpha neglecta. - Aurivillius, 1912:489; Brookes, 1926:446 (synonymy). Material Examined Callidium sulcatum. Holotype, no data (BMNH) Coptomma acutipenne. Holotype, no data (BMNH) Navomorpha neglectum. Holotype, not examined. Brookes ( 1926) examined the type and said it was a synonym of C. sulcatum. Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 29 Material compared with holotypes (C. sulcatum has the right hind leg and apical segment of the right antenna missing. C. acutipenne has denser pronotal punctuation) by S. Shute (BMNH). 20', Greymouth, 1885, Sharp (BMNH); 1 ¥, Kaikohe, 5.i.1940, C. E. Clarke (BMNH); 1 ¥,Auckland, Sharp (BMNH); 1 ¥,no locality, 1905, Fry (BMNH); 1 ¥, no locality, 1913, H. Swale (BMNH); 2 ¥, no locality, Pascoe (BMNH); 2 ¥, no data (BMNH); l O' ,Tinakori Hill, Wellington, on native Rubus, 7.x.1991 (JNNZ); 1 ¥,Hutt Valley, Wellington, 2.i.1928, E. Fairburn (MONZ). Other material. 340', 64 ¥. ND: 1 ¥, Swept Valley, west side, Mt. Camel Pen, 10.x.1982, R. F. Gilbert (AMNZ); 1 ¥, Whangarei, 23.i.1964, E. Fairburn (WMNZ); 1 ¥ , as above but 1915, W. Hearen (MONZ). l ¥,Hen Island, 14.xi.1932, A. E. Brookes (MONZ); 2 ¥, Waipoua SF, Waipoua River, on Phebalium nudum, 3 l .x.1985, R. C. Craw (NZAC); 1 ¥, Omahuta F, Kauri Sanctuary, Agathis forest swept, 8.xii.1895, J. W. Earty (AMNZ); 1 ¥, Omahuta SF, beaten at night, 10.x.1974, J.C. Watt (NZAC); AK: 1 ¥, Mauku, 12.xi.1944, E. Fairborn (WMNZ); 1 ¥,Auckland, Wakefield (CMNZ); 1 ¥, Titirangi, malaise trap in native bush, x.1980 (NZAC); 1 ¥, Auckland (CMNZ); 1 ¥, Auckland Domain, 10.xi.1892, J. W. Early, terminalia No. Coptomma f-970427-1 (AMNZ); l ¥, Wayby Gorge, Rodney, 27.xii.1926, A. Richardson (AMNZ). CL: 1 ¥, Mayor Island, Pohutukawa forest, xi.1959, J.C. Watt (NZAC); 1 ¥, Tahua JS, 11- 15.ix.1895, B. H. Patrick (OMNZ); 1 ¥, Summit Cuvier I., 20.i.1972, K. A. J. Wise (AMNZ). WO: l ¥, Otewa Gorge, Waipa R., 19.i.1941 (AMNZ). BP: 1 ¥, Mt. Te Aroha, 300m, 6.iii.1985, R. C. Craw (NZAC); 1 ¥, as above but 900m, midday, on Ixerba flower, 10.i.1986, B. A. Holloway (NZAC); 1 O', as above but terminalia slide No. Coptomma m-970508-4 (NZAC); 1 O', Orete Forest, Te Pula, beaten from Dacrydium cupressinum branch trap, 19.x.1992, J. W. M. Marris (LUNZ); GB: 1 ¥, Wairoa, 20.x.1971, J. S. Dugdale, terminalia No. Coptomma f-970427-2 (NZAC). TO: lc3', Karori, 22.i.1947, J. T. Salmon (MONZ); 1¥, Whakapapaiti, Mt. Ruapehu, l.iii.1959, J.E. Watt (AMNZ); 1 ¥,Mt. Mangatipua, 25.xii.1952, E. Fairburn (WMNZ); 10', Ohakune, T. R. Harris (AMNZ); 1 ¥, Chateau, Ruapehu, 18.ii.1965, G. Kuschel (NZAC); 1 ¥, Pureora SF, 400m, 12.x.1979, J, S. Dugdale (NZAC); 1 ¥, Raurimu, 14,xii.1940 (AMNZ). TK: 1 ¥, Pouakai Ra, Tatangi Peak, 10.i.1978, K. J. Fox, sweeping (NZAC); 1 ~, Pouakai, 24.viii.1977, R. M. J. Mackenzie (FRNZ); 1 ¥, Mt. Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 30 Egmont, 1961 , G. Kuschel (NZAC). WN: 1 '?, Wellington, 20.xi.1955, R. G. Ordish (MONZ); 2 '?, Paiaka, 11-30.xi. l 949, R. A. Cumber, Phormium survey (NZAC); 4cl', Ohakune, 3.i.1952, E. Fairburn (WMNZ); 2'?, 2cl', Hutt VaJley, 2.i.1928, E. Fairburn (WMNZ); 1 , no locality, 1922, H. E. Andrewes (BMNH); 1 d', Nelson J. M. K. (NZAC); 1 <;>, Mamaku, 8.ii.1982, J.C. Watt (NZAC). Navomorpha philpotti. Holotype, d', Dun Mountain, Nelson, 8.ii.1924, A. Philpotts (NZAC). Coptomma textorium. Holotype cannot be located. The type was originally deposited in Children Museum. Part of Children Collection was moved to BMNH. However, as far as I know, the type is not in BMNH. Other material. 360', 43 . ND: 1 d', Lady Alice Island, on Coprosma leaf, 21.xi.1979, D . Cunningham (AMNZ); 3 terminalia No. Coptomma f-970425-2 (NZAC); 1 c3', Whangarei, 21.xii.1944, B. B. Given (NZAC); 1 , Huia Dam, beating Coprosma rhamnoides, iii .1958, J . C. Watt (AMNZ); 1 , Clevedon, 27.ii.1934 (NZAC); 1 , as above but ii.1931, A. R. (AMNZ). CL: 1 , Awaroa Ck, Little Barrier I., 18.i.1983, K. A. T. Wise (AMNZ); 1 d', Coromandel, 26.i.1960, J. I. Townsend & R. Zondag (NZAC); 1 d' , Little Barrier, on Astelia, 7.iv.1984, D. Russell, terminalia slide No. Coptomma m-970819-6 (NZAC); 1 , Summit, Mt. Moehau, 875m, Coromandel Forest Park, flying in sun, 12.ii.1978, R. M. Emberson, C. A. Muie (LUNZ); 1 d', as above but M. R. Butcher (LUNZ). BP: 1 d' , 1 <;> , Mt. Ngongotaha, 787m (38°47'S, l 76°9'E), 15.ii.1979, J. S. Dugdale, one d' terminalia slide No. Coptomma m-970508-2 (NZAC); 1 , Blue L., Rotorua, 23.i.1960, J. I. Townsend, R. Zondag (NZAC); ld', 2 ~ , Mamaku, 8.ii.1982, J. C. Watt (NZAC); 1 d', Mt. Te Aroha lOOOm, 14.x.1979, J. S. Dugdale (NZAC); 1 ~, Kaiangaroa St., 8.ii.1979, R. M. Emberson (LUNZ); 1 d', Waioeka Gorge, 9.iv.1991, R. F. Gilbert (AMNZ). ). TO: 1 , Taupo Lake, 4.iii.1979, T. H. & J. M. Davies, terminalia No. Coptomma f-971210-2 (NZAC); 2 , Taupo, Tauhara, 24.ii.1939, J. T. Salmon (MONZ); 1 d', 1 ~, Tongariro NP, Desert Rd. 914m, 19.ii.1974, J. S. Dugdale (NZAC); 1 d', Waikato River 3200m, Turangi, 19.ii.1979, J. S. Dugdale (NZAC); 2 , Oturere Stream, 19.ii.1979, J. S. Dugdale Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 37 (NZAC); 1 rJ, Mill Rd., Kaimanawa, Nothofagus forest, 5.iv.1980, A. Newton, M. Thayer (CSIRO); 1 ¥, Waimarino R., 22.i.1919 (AMNZ); 1 ¥, Ohakune, iii.1920, Harris (AMNZ); lo-, Whakapapaiti Stream, National Park, Mt. Ruapehu, 13.ii.1938 (AMNZ); 1 ¥, as above but l .iii.1959, K. A. J. Wise (AMNZ). HB: l cJ, Hawkes Bay, Puketitiri, 17.ii.1964, T. H. Davies (NZAC); 1 ¥,Little Bush, Puketitiri, 10.ii.1984, T. H. & J.M. Davies (NZAC). WA: I cJ, Wairarapa, iii.1921 (NZAC); 1 cJ, Dannevirke, 5.ix.1963, C. Lackner (CMNZ); 1 ¥, Whakapuni, 4.viii.1959, V. S. D. (LUNZ); WN: 1 cJ, Turakirae Head, Coastline 0-200m, 16.x.1980, N. Elvidge, C. W. Hornabrook, Wellington coast botany survey (MONZ); 10', Mt. Hector, 2500ft, 14.ii.1931, E. A. Plank (MONZ); 10', Wellington, ii.1975, Wakefield (CMNZ); 1 ¥, Pakuratahi Forks, 28-30.xii.1893, J. Nunn (JNNZ); 1 ¥, as above but 22.i.1895 (JNNZ); 1 cJ, Rimutaka Hill Rd., 21.ii.1893, J. Nunn (JNNZ); 10', Ohakune, Wellingnton, 27.xii.1928, E. Fairburn (WN); 10', Hutt Valley, Wellington, 2.i.1928, E. Fairburn (WN). NN: 1 ¥, Dun Mountain, Nelson, 8.ii.1924, A. Philpotts (NZAC); 1 ¥, as above but 4.i.1959, R. M. Bull (NZAC); 1 cJ, Nelson J.M. K. (NZAC); 10', Silverstrearn, x.1912, A. C. O'Connor (NZAC); 1 ¥, Upper Matai V., 26.i.1930, L. Buttress, terrninalia No. Coptomma f-970425-3 (NZAC); 1 ¥,Canan, 2000rn, West Nelson, 17-24.i.1949, Brookes & A. C. O'Connor (NZAC); 1 cJ, Dun Mt., Nelson, 19.i.1931, E. S. Gourlay (WMNZ); 1 ¥, Mt., Tiger, North Island, 27.xi.1937, E. Fairburn, terrninalia No. Coptomma f-970425-1 (WMNZ); 20', Mt., Burnett 600rn, sweeping Hebe, 8.ii.1981, J. W. Early (WMNZ); 1 ¥, Kakatahi, 22.i.1934 A. R. (AMNZ). SD: 1 ¥, D'Urville Island, 10.xi.1894, R. H. Blank (LUNZ); 2 ¥, Greville Harbour, D'Urville Island, swept pasture, 24.ii.1964, R. Goldsbrough (LUNZ); 1 ¥, Mahau Sound, Willowby, on beach, 5.i.1984, R. R. Scott (LUNZ); l cJ, Queen Charlotte Sound, Bay of Many Coves, on unknown flower species, coastal bush, 29.xii.1985, J. W. M. Marris (LUNZ); 10', South D'Urville Island, airstrip, 12.ii.1974, R. D. Welch (LUNZ); 1 ¥, Mahau Sound, Ohinetahi Bay, 28.xii.1989, J. W. Early (LUNZ); NL: 30', 1 ¥,no locality, Wakefield (CMNZ); 1 ¥,as above but Dr. A. Milne (AMNZ); 1 ¥, as above but M. B. Paterson (AMNZ). Description Male Body length: 13.3 - 18.7 mm. Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason : 38 Colour (Fig. 2.54) . Body reddish- to dark reddish-brown but apical 115 of femora always darker than remaining parts of body; two longitudinal stripes of yellowish-white hairs starting from frons and extending to posterior margin of pronotum; lateral margins of pronotum nitid, almost without hairs. Scutellum with yellowish-white hairs . Each elytron with four longitudinal stripes of yellowish-white hairs in grooves: first near outer margin from base and extending towards but not reaching apex; two in middle starting from base and jointed together at apical 1/7 - 118; fourth near suture from base to apex. Each side of sterna and sternites with dense yellowish-white hairs (Fig. 2.23). Fig. 2.54. Dorsal view of C. lineata. Scale line: 5mm. Head. Slightly narrower than prothorax, nitid and not punctured; frons more than 100° angle with vertex; width of frons 1.6-1.9 times height; distance between lower lobes of eyes 2.3-3.2 times distance between antenna! socket and lateral angle of postclypeus, Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 39 and 1.3-1.5 times distance between upper lobes of eyes. Antenna smooth, slender, two third length of elytra; scape moderate, longer than segment 3; segment 4 as long as segment 3, longer than segment 6, but shorter than segment 5. Thorax and abdomen. Prothorax longer than wide with a small, nitid and rounded process at each side near anterior margin; pronotal disc smooth and nitid with two lateral areas of dense and coarse punctures near anterior margin. Prosternal process distinctly produced backward (Figs 2.14-15). Mesosternal process distinctly produced forward and overhanging and covering prosternal process (Figs 2.14-15). Scutellum short, transversely triangular. Elytra moderately long, smooth and nitid; apices rounded. Abdomen nitid and hardly punctured. Male terminalia. Apex of median lobe pointed (Fig. 2.27). Spined region of internal sac as long as unspined region; spined region divided into 2 sections: first section absent; second section slightly wider and shorter than third section, with dense simple small and long spines; third section with mixture of dense simple small and short spines and simple small and long spines in area close to second section and with mixture of dense multi-branched spines and simple small and long spines in area distant to second section; third section with 2 chitinous structures: a Y-shaped one occupying more than l/2 of third section, and a "n" -shaped one as long as third section; no unspined gap between sections; a pair of chitinous rods near basal internal sac (Fig. 2.55). Eighth sternite obliquely truncate at lateral sides, parallel at basal and terminal sides; apex slightly emarginate with fairly dense setae; no microspines on ventral surface (Fig. 2.35). Apex of eighth tergite slightly emarginate (Fig. 2.38). Female Body length: 14.4-22. l mm. Pronotal disc without two lateral areas of dense and coarse punctures near anterior margin. Ovipositor. Each paraproct baculi extending from basal 2/6-2n to apical l/10; length of proctiger baculi 1.1- 1.4 times length of dorsal baculi (Fig. 2.56). Chapter 2 Taxonomv of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason : 40 \ \ \ 55 I .__J 56 Figs 2.55-56. Median lobe and internal sac of male genitalia and oviposicor of C. Lineata. Scale lines: lmm. Spennarheca. Clearly curved; sperrnathecal gland arising near base (Fig. 2.45). Variation No distinct variation was observed. Biology Following plants are recorded as its hosts: Pseudorsuga taxifolia (Poiret) Rehder (Duffy,1963); Pinus radiata Don (Hudson,1934); Pseudorsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco (Douglas fir) (Dumbleton, 1957; Bain, 1976); Cryptomeria japonica (L.) Don (Dumbleton,1957); Notlwfagus spp. (Blume), Podocarpus L' Herit. (Bain,1976); Cyathodes fasciculata (Forster), C. juniperina (Forster), Nothofagus solcmdri (Hook), N. truncata (Col.), (Grehan, 1982). Hosts may also be Astelia Banks, Hebe stricta (Benth.), and Coprosma Tharnnoide A Cunn. Eggs are usually laid under bud scales on twigs (Duffy,1963; Bain, 1976) and adjacent to cicada scars on the host C. fascicu/ata (Grehan, 1982). The larvae bore under the bark and cue a downward spiral track before entering the centre of the stem (Bain, 1976). There are four distinct types of tunnelling which is related to different stage of larval development (Grehan, 1982). Pupation talces 2-3 weeks (Bain, Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 41 1976). Adults emerged in November, December and January (Duffy, 1963), and were collected at light during all months of a year except May to July. The aspects of biology of this species were studied by Bain ( 1976), Duffy (1963), Dumbleton ( 1957), Hudson ( 1934) and Grehan ( 1982). Disrriburion (Fig. 2.57). Occurring in ND, AK, CL, BP, TO, HB, WA. WN, NN and SD of both main islands between 35°s co 42°s. Fig. 2.57. Distribution of C. lineara. Comments On the basis of Newman's (1840) original description, C. cexroria is a synonym of C. lineata. His original record of C. rextoria distribution was not correct. The species is not in Australia. Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 42 This species resembles N. sulcata (Fig. 2.50) but having first antennal segment longer than segment 3; segment 4 about as long as segment 3; elytral apex rounded. Coptomma stictica (Broun), comb. nov. (Figs 2.58, 2.59, 2.60, 2.61, 2.62, 2.63. 2.64) Navomorpha sticticum Broun, 1893: 1284 - Hudson, 1934: 116; Blair, 1937:266. Navo111oq;/Ja stictica - Aurivillius, 1912:488; Duffy, 1963: 154. Material Examined Holotype. No data (BMNH) Specimens compared with Holotype by S. Shute (BMNH). l a , Rotorua, Ngongotaha, 1913, H. Swale (BMNH); 19, Ngongotaha, forest 2550 feet , on Panax, 1903 (BMNH); l d' . no locality, i.1910. Brown (BMNH); I a, Mt Egmont, Taranaki, 1932, E. Fairburn (WMNZ); I ~ , Haungatautari Mt., 28.ii.1982, M. S. Buchanan, on trip at summit (NZAC). Other material. 3 cJ, 11 ~ . ND: I d', Hen Island, 14-20.i.1932, A. E. Brookes, cerminalia slide No. Coptomma m-970508-1 (NZAC); I ~ , as above but J 927, T. Pycro. t (NZAC); la, Taoroa, near Taheke, 25.xi i.1944, A. C. O'Cannor (NZAC); l ~ , Hen Is. , Whatanui, 14-20.i.1932, A. E. Brookes (NZAC). CL: I ~ , Mt. Moehau, 850m, 3 l.i.1982, R. F. Beecher (NZAC); l ~ , Summit Ridge, Mt. Moehau 875m, Coromandel Forest PK. , nying in sun, 12. ii. l 978, R. M. Emberson, C. H. Muie (LUNZ). WO: l ~, Maungatautari Mt. , 28. ii .1982, M. S. Buchanan, on trip at summit (NZAC). BP: I ~ , Mt. Te Aroha, 957m, 6. iii .1985, R. C. Crow, terminalia No. Coptomma f-970421-2 (NZAC); I ~ , Mt. Ngongotaha, 850m, 30.xii. 1983, J. S. Dugdale (NZAC). TO: 1 ~, Taupo, Tauhara Mt. , near base, 24.ii.1939, J. T . Salmon (MONZ); 1 ~. Erua, l.ii . 1917, terminalia No. Coptomma f-970421-3 (NZAC) (MONZ); l ~, Ohakune, 21.iii .1943 (AMNZ). TK: l a, Mt. Egmont, 1932, E. Fairburn, terminalia slide No. Coptomma m- 970819-4 (WMNZ); 1 ~, Ararata, no head, caught in spider web, 19.i.1957, R. M. Bull (NZAC). WN: Wellington, A. C. O'Connor (MONZ). Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason : 43 Description Male Body length: 17.2 - 20.8 mm. Colour (Fig. 2.58). Eyes dark reddish-brown to black; body reddish-brown to blackish-brown; yellowish hairs on lateral sides of vertex-frontal region around eyes and lateral sides of mandibles. A wide, more or less clustered and longitudinal yellowish hair stripe on each side of pronotum. Each elytron with four broad stripes of yellowish clustered hairs: first near margin; two in middle joined together near apex; fourth near suture from basal 1/4 - 115 to apex. Each side of sterna and sternites with yellowish-white clustered hairs. Fig. 2.58. Dorsal view of C. stictica. Scale line: 5mm. Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason : 44 Head. Slightly narrower than prothorax, sparsely punctured; frons short, more than 100° angle with vertex, with a deep X-shaped depression ; width of frons 1.5-1.8 times height; distance between lower lobes of eyes 2.7-3.6 times distance between antenna! socket and lateral angle of postclypeus, and 1.2-1.4 times distance between upper lobes of eyes. Antennae smooth, slender, 2/3 as long as elytra; scape moderate, longer than segment 3; segment 4 about as long as segment 3 and segment 6 but shorter than segment 5. Thorax and abdomen. Prothorax longer than wide with a small, nitid and rounded process at each site near anterior margin; pronotal disc smooth and nitid with two large lateral areas of dense and fine punctures near anterior margin (Fig. 2.7); prosternal process distinctly produced backward. Mesosternal process distinctly produced forward and overhanging and covering prosternal process; scutellum short, transversely triangular. Metasternum nitid and hardly punctured. Elytra moderately long and nitid with irregular and coarse punctures from which clustered hairs arise; apex rounded. Dense hairs on legs but sparse hairs on inner side of hind femora. Abdomen nitid with dense hairs on sides. Male terminalia. Apex of median lobe pointed (Fig. 2.27). Spined reg10n of internal sac about 0.3 times as long as unspined region; spined region divided into 2 sections: first section absent; second section as wide as third section, with dense simple small and long spines; third section about three times as long as second section, with dense simple small and short spines; no unspined gap between sections; two chitinous structures in internal sac: a Y-shaped structure occupying about 1/2 of third section and a "n"­ shaped one about as long as third section; a pair of chitinous rods near basal internal sac (Fig. 2.59). Eighth sternite parallel at lateral sides and at basal and apical sides; apex clearly emarginate with fairly dense setae; sparse multi-branched rnicrospines on ventral surface (Fig. 2.60). Apex of eighth tergite slightly emarginate (Fig. 2.61 ). Female Body length: 21.7 - 26.3 mm. Pronotal disc without two large areas of dense and fine punctures at sides. Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 45 / <\'\ \ // ) //\·.:I !/ i 11 . .. /~:.;/ I! I /) I /Ji ·.. / ;/ : '/ ·I /I •I /I • I 59 ·.· j ' I ' , ~ . ·.·. 60 - ·.-\ 61 Figs 2.59-61. Median lobe and internal sac, eighth stemite and eighth tergite of male terminalia of C. stictica. Scale lines: lmm. Ovipositor. Each paraproct baculi extending from about basal 217 to apical 1110; length of proctiger baculi 1.3-1.4 times length of dorsal baculi (Fig. 2.62). Spennatheca. Clearly curved; spermathecal gland arising near base (Fig. 2.63). 62 63 Figs 2.62-63. Ovipositor and spermatheca of C. stictica. Scale lines: l mm. Chapter 2 Taxonomv of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 46 Variation No distinct variation was observed. Biology Host plants are Plagianthus betulinus Cunningham (Hudson, 1934) and Panax L. Adults emerged between December and February (Hudson, 1934) and were collected at light during January to March and December. Dstribution (Fig. 2.64) Restricted to ND, CL, WO, BP, TO, TK and WN in the North Island . Fig. 2.64. Distribution of C. stictica. Comments • • • - This species resembles N. lineata (Fig. 2.54) but differs in having spotted or clustered hairs on pronotal disc and elytra. Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 47 Material Examined Coptomma marrisi, sp. nov. (Figs 2.65, 2.66, 2.67, 2.68) Holotype. ~ ,Great Island, Lighthouse Bush (34° 10'S, 172°8'E), beaten from Kunzea, 5.xii.1996, J. W. M. Marris, terminalia No. Coptomma f-97 1210-1 (LUNZ). Paratype. TH: 1 ~,Great Island, North West Bay, on Coastal vegetation, 9.xii.1996, J. W. M. Marris, terminalia No. Coptomma f-971208-1 (LUNZ). Description Female Body length: 15.1 - 15.5 mm. Colour (Fig. 2.65). Clypeus, labrum, palps, maxilla, antennae, elytra, tarsi, tibia, basal 1/4 of femora and trochanter reddish-brown, remaining parts dark reddish-brown. Fig. 2.65. Dorsal view of C. marrisi. Scale line: 5mm. Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 48 Head and pronotum with dense yellowish white hairs; a hairless and nitid stripe from frons to posterior margin of pronotum. Scutellum with yellowish-white hairs. Each elytron with four longitudinal stripes of yellowish hairs in shallow and wide grooves: first near outer margin from base to apex; two in middle from base and jointed together at apical 117 - 1/8; fourth near suture from basal 117 - 1/8 to apex; Each side of first 4 visible stemites with 1 yellowish white hairy spot. Head. Slightly narrower than prothorax, sparsely punctured; frons short, more than 100° angle with vertex; width of frons 2.2-2.4 times height; distance between lower lobes of eyes 2.5-2.8 times distance between antenna socket and lateral angle of postclypeus, and about 1.2 - 1.4 times distance between upper lobes of eyes. Antennae smooth, slender, two third length of elytra; scape moderate, longer than segment 3; segment 4 about as long as segment 3 and segment 6 but shorter than segment 5. Thorax and abdomen. Prothorax longer than wide, sparsely punctured at sides, with a narrow smooth dorsal line on disc and a small, nitid and rounded process at each side near anterior margin. Prostemal process distinctly produced backward. Mesostemal process distinctly produced forward and overhanging and covering prostemal process. Scutellum short, transversely triangular. Elytra moderately long, impunctate; apices rounded. Legs with dense depressed hairs. Abdomen with a triangular, smooth mark in middle of each stemite. Ovipositor. Each paraproct baculi extending from about basal 217 to apical 1110; length of proctiger baculi 1.1-1 .2 times length of dorsal baculi (Fig. 2.66). Spermatheca. Clearly curved; spermathecal gland arising near base (Fig. 2.67). Male Unknown. Variation No distinct variation was observed. Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason : 49 \ \ 66 Figs 2.66-67. Ovipositor and spermatheca of C. marrisi. Scale lines: lmrn. Biology Hosts may be Kunzea Reichenbach. Adults were collected on coastal vegetation during December. Distribution Known only in Great Island (Fig. 2.68) . • D Fig. 2.68. Distribution of C. marrisi. Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 50 Comments This new species resembles C. lineata (Fig. 2.54) but differs in having width of frons more than 2.2 times height; segment 4 about as long as segment 6; prothorax with a narrow, longitudinal hairless dorsal line on disc; sutural hairy stripe of the elytron extending from basal 117-1/8 to apex and marginal stripe extending from base to apex; apical 314 of femora dark reddish-brown. This new species is named in honour of Mr. J. W. M. Marris, who collected the types. 2.4 Taxonomy of the Genus Calliprason Introduction Since Calliprason was erected as a monotypic genus by White (1843), four closely related monotypic genera have been proposed: Stenepotes, Drotus, Pseudocalliprason, Epheus. After a detailed study of those genera, and other Cerambycinae in New Zealand, I found that they shared several important characters at generic level; for example, antennal scape distinctly clavated at apex, more than 1.5 times length of segment 3, and front tibia with 1 spur. Therefore, the genetic name Stenopotes, Drotus, Pseudocalliprason and Epheus should not be retained. I propose now to synonymise them with Calliprason. The revised Calliprason now includes 5 species. The Genus Calliprason White Calliprason White, 1843:277. White, 1845: 189; 1846:23, t.4, fig. 3; Thomson, 1864:406; Lacordaire, 1869:414; Hutton, 1873:164; Bates, 1874:21; Broun, 1880:582; Aurivillius, 1912: 152; Hudson, 1934: 114, pl. xii, fig.6; Blair, 1937:264; Duffy, 1963: 122. [Type species: C. sinclairi White, 1843:277, by monotypy.] Stenepotes Pascoe, 1875:216, pl. v, fig.7. - Broun, 1880:583; Aurivillius, 1912:150; Hudson, 1934:114; Blair, 1937:264; Rawlings, 1953:1; Dumbleton, 1957:622; Morgan, 1960:26; Duffy, 1963: 118; Zondag & Bain, 1976: l; Kuschel, 1990:67. [Type species: S. pallidus Pascoe, 1875:216, pl. v, fig.7, by monotypy.] syn. nov. Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 51 Drotus Sharp, 1877:194. - Broun, 1880:583; Aurivillius, 1912:152; Hudson, 1934:207; Blair, 1937:264. [Type species: D. elegans Sharp, 1877: 194, by monotypy.] syn. nov. Pseudocalliprason Broun, 1880:573. - Aurivillius, 1912: 142; Hudson, 1934: 111; Duffy, 1963: 121; Blair, 1937:264. [Type species: Calliprason marginatum White, 1846:23, t.4, fig.6, by monotypy.] syn. nov. Epheus Broun, 1886:871. - Aurivillius, 1912:142; Hudson, 1934:113; Blair, 1937:264. [Type species: E. costifer, Broun, 1886:871, by monotypy.] syn. nov. Diagnosis Distinguished by vertex-frons region with depressed hairs; distance between lower lobes of eyes shorter than 1.7 times distance between antennal socket and lateral angle of postclypeus; antennal scape distinctly clavated at apex, more than 1.5 times third segment; prothorax longer than wide and constricted in front; front tibia with 1 spur at infero-apical angle; first segment of hind tarsus longer than that of second + third sections. Description. Size small to median for Cerambycidae, elongate. Colour. Body green, reddish-brown, yellowish-brown, to dark brown. Head. Narrower or slightly wider than prothorax; a finely impressed longitudinal line between antennae; distance between lower lobes of eyes shorter than 1.7 times distance between antenna! socket and lateral angle of postclypeus, and about 0.6-1.8 times distance between upper lobes of eyes. Antenna! scape slender, clavated at apex, more than 1.5 times third segment; third segment less than 1.1 times fourth segment; third and fourth segments shorter than fifth segment. Thorax and abdomen. Prothorax longer than wide and constricted in front. Scutellum (Figs 2, 16, 2.18-19) equilaterally or curvilinearly triangular, or parabola with dense or fairly dense depressed hairs. Metasternum with sparse hairs and rarely or densely punctured. Elytra elongate with dense punctures and fine granules; apex Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 52 rounded. Front tibia with 1 spur at infero-apical angle; first segment of hind tarsus longer than that of second + third sections. Abdomen with fairly dense depressed hairs. Male tenninalia. Apex of median lobe strongly projected (Fig. 2.28). Internal sac divided into 2 regions: basal unspined region and tenninal spined region; length of spined region of internal sac about 0.4 times, or about as long as, or more than 1.5 times unspined region; spined region without first section and divided into only 2 sections (except in C. pallidus which has 3 sections): all sections with 1 to 2 kinds of spines, including simple spines, multi-branched spines and scale-like spines (Figs 2.29-33); length of unspined region + first spined section shorter than that of second + third spined sections. Eighth stemite (Figs 2,37, 2.71, 2.82, 2.89, 2.95) obliquely truncate at lateral sides and apex emarginate and V-shaped, with setae; ventral surface with 1 to 2 kinds of microspines, including simple, multi-branched microspines, cloud-like processes, or no microspines. Eighth tergite (Figs 2.41, 2.72, 2,83, 2.90, 2.96) with simple or multi-branched microspines on ventral surface, apex rounded, truncate or slightly emarginate. Ovipositor. Each paraproct baculi extending from about basal 1/3 to apical 111 O; length of proctiger baculi 3.0-6.0 times as long as dorsal baculi (Figs 2.43, 2.73, 2.84, 2.91); spermatheca (Figs 2.46, 2.74, 2.78, 2.85) slightly or clearly curved; spermathecal gland arising near base. Distribution (Fig. 2.75, 2.79, 2.86, 2.92, 2.97) Widely distributed in the North Island, and has also been found on Chatham Island and in 4 South Island localities: Nelson, M~rough Sounds, Mid Canterbury and Fiordland. Key to the Species of Calliprason Newman 1 Each side of prothorax with an acute spine ............................................... 2 Each side of prothorax without an acute spine ............................................ .4 2 Disc of pronotum with two acute spines ................................................... 3 Disc of pronotum without spines ..................................... C. sinclairi White Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the Genera Coptomma and Calliprason: 53 3 Elytra green, with a longitudinal orange or brown marginal streak defining disc on each side ......................................................... C. marginatum White Elytra yellowish- to reddish-brown, with a yellowish margin and a yellowish lateral post-median spot on each side .................... ............. ..... C. costifer (Broun) 4 Antennal scape more than twice as long as segment 3, disc of pro