2026-09-26T03:37:52Zhttps://mro.massey.ac.nz/server/oai/requestoai:mro.massey.ac.nz:10179/173232025-11-11T14:15:58Zcom_10179_294col_10179_296
DSpace at Massey University
author
Henderson, Lydia Rose
2022-07-11T22:42:12Z
2022-07-11T22:42:12Z
2022
http://hdl.handle.net/10179/17323
Background: Sleep deprivation (SD) compromises cognitive performance of military personnel, jeopardising operational performance and safety. Since SD-related performance deficits coincide with decreased glucose metabolism in associated brain regions, the ketogenic diet (KD) may mitigate cognitive impairments by providing an alternative fuel source (i.e. ketone bodies [KB]). Aim: To investigate the effect of a 2-week KD compared with a carbohydrate (CHO)-based diet on cognitive function, mood and sleepiness during 36 hours of extended wakefulness. Methods: A randomised, cross-over trial was conducted with 7 military personnel (range, 26- 45 years). Participants ingested a KD (~25 g·day⁻¹ CHO) or CHO-based diet (~285 g·day⁻¹ CHO) for 14 days, immediately followed by 36 hours of wakefulness and separated by a 12-day washout period. Cognitive performance (5-minute Psychomotor Vigilance Task; PVT), mood (fatigue and vigour), subjective sleepiness, and capillary blood glucose and D-β-hydroxybutyrate (D-βHB) concentrations were measured every 2 hours (1, 3 and 5 hours after each meal). Linear mixed models tested the effect of diet, period (6 x 6-hourly bins), test time (1-3) within periods, and their interactions. Results: D-βHB was higher (+0.75 to +1.45 mM; p < 0.001) and glucose was lower (-0.26 to -1.16 mM; p < 0.01) in the KD compared with the CHO-based diet. The KD improved performance for all PVT variables (number of lapses, mean reciprocal reaction time [RRT], slowest 10% RT and fastest 10% RT) (p < 0.05), mood (p = 0.001), and sleepiness (p < 0.001) compared with the CHO-based diet; however, there were no interactions with period or test. Number of lapses and subjective sleepiness increased, and mood, mean RRT and slowest 10% RT deteriorated during the 36 hours of extended wakefulness independent of diet (all p < 0.01). Circadian effects were also observed for fastest 10% RT, mood and sleepiness independent of diet (all p < 0.01). Conclusion: The KD appeared to improve cognitive performance, mood and sleepiness during 36 hours of extended wakefulness compared with the CHO-based diet. This suggests the KD could be considered for military operations when sleep deprivation is anticipated.
en
The Author
sleep deprivation
Psychomotor Vigilance Task
Keto-adaptation
randomised cross-over trial
The effect of a two-week ketogenic diet, versus a carbohydrate-based diet, on cognitive performance, mood and subjective sleepiness during 36 hours of extended wakefulness in military personnel : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics, Massey University, Albany, New Zealand
Thesis
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
URL
https://mro.massey.ac.nz/bitstreams/af31e5ba-ddb7-40f2-8a6b-54b1580add46/download
File
MD5
43c51cede777625272c075fb7f611a14
1736838
application/pdf
HendersonMScThesis.pdf
URL
https://mro.massey.ac.nz/bitstreams/09b6bb09-c45a-403c-ba56-c9f93e6756dc/download
File
MD5
5ea39e6f3f738c849921391e6169b7a5
100229
text/plain
HendersonMScThesis.pdf.txt