Cole TLZhou CFang MPan HKsepka DTFiddaman SREmerling CAThomas DBBi XFang QEllegaard MRFeng SSmith ALHeath TATennyson AJDBorboroglu PGWood JRHadden PWGrosser SBost C-ACherel YMattern THart TSinding M-HSShepherd LDPhillips RAQuillfeldt PMasello JFBouzat JLRyan PGThompson DREllenberg UDann PMiller GDee Boersma PZhao RGilbert MTPYang HZhang D-XZhang G2024-01-112024-07-252022-07-192024-01-112024-07-252022-07-19Cole TL, Zhou C, Fang M, Pan H, Ksepka DT, Fiddaman SR, Emerling CA, Thomas DB, Bi X, Fang Q, Ellegaard MR, Feng S, Smith AL, Heath TA, Tennyson AJD, Borboroglu PG, Wood JR, Hadden PW, Grosser S, Bost C-A, Cherel Y, Mattern T, Hart T, Sinding M-HS, Shepherd LD, Phillips RA, Quillfeldt P, Masello JF, Bouzat JL, Ryan PG, Thompson DR, Ellenberg U, Dann P, Miller G, Dee Boersma P, Zhao R, Gilbert MTP, Yang H, Zhang D-X, Zhang G. (2022). Genomic insights into the secondary aquatic transition of penguins.. Nat Commun. 13. 1. (pp. 3912-).2041-1723https://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/70787Penguins lost the ability to fly more than 60 million years ago, subsequently evolving a hyper-specialized marine body plan. Within the framework of a genome-scale, fossil-inclusive phylogeny, we identify key geological events that shaped penguin diversification and genomic signatures consistent with widespread refugia/recolonization during major climate oscillations. We further identify a suite of genes potentially underpinning adaptations related to thermoregulation, oxygenation, diving, vision, diet, immunity and body size, which might have facilitated their remarkable secondary transition to an aquatic ecology. Our analyses indicate that penguins and their sister group (Procellariiformes) have the lowest evolutionary rates yet detected in birds. Together, these findings help improve our understanding of how penguins have transitioned to the marine environment, successfully colonizing some of the most extreme environments on Earth.(c) 2022 The Author/sCC BY 4.0https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/AnimalsBiological EvolutionFossilsGenomeGenomicsPhylogenySpheniscidaeJournal article10.1038/s41467-022-31508-92041-1723journal-article3912-https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35853876391210.1038/s41467-022-31508-9