Kaess MHooley JMKlimes-Dougan BKoenig JPlener PLReichl CRobinson KSchmahl CSicorello MWestlund Schreiner MCullen KR2024-06-052024-06-052021-11Kaess M, Hooley JM, Klimes-Dougan B, Koenig J, Plener PL, Reichl C, Robinson K, Schmahl C, Sicorello M, Westlund Schreiner M, Cullen KR. (2021). Advancing a temporal framework for understanding the biology of nonsuicidal self- injury: An expert review.. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 130. (pp. 228-239).0149-7634https://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/69739Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a serious clinical problem, particularly for adolescents and young adults. NSSI is a complex behavior that emerges through the intersecting effects of social, psychological, and biological mechanisms. Although the social and psychological contributions to risk for developing NSSI are relatively well understood and have guided the development of effective psychosocial treatments for self-injury, the biological mechanisms underlying NSSI have just begun to come to light. To evaluate and categorize the biological research conducted on the topic of NSSI, we propose a model that distinguishes between trait and state markers. According to this model, risk factors and mechanisms involved in NSSI can be distinguished into both trait and state factors. We review the existing evidence on distal biological traits (predictors) of NSSI, proximal biological traits (correlates) of NSSI, and biological states directly preceding or following NSSI. We conclude by providing recommendations for future research on the neurobiology of NSSI.(c) The author/shttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/NeurobiologyNonsuicidal self- injuryStatesTemporal frameworkTraitsAdolescentHumansNeurobiologyPhenotypeRisk FactorsSelf-Injurious BehaviorYoung AdultJournal article10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.0221873-7528CC BYjournal-article228-239https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34450182S0149-7634(21)00371-7