McCann HCLi LLiu YLi DPan HZhong CRikkerink EHATempleton MDStraub CColombi ERainey PBHuang H2017-042017-03-071/04/2017GENOME BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION, 2017, 9 (4), pp. 932 - 9441759-6653https://hdl.handle.net/10179/10912Recurring epidemics of kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.) bleeding canker disease are caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa). In order to strengthen understanding of population structure, phylogeography and evolutionary dynamics, we isolated Pseudomonas from cultivated and wild kiwifruit across six provinces in China. Based on the analysis of eighty sequenced Psa genomes we show that China is the origin of the pandemic lineage but that strain diversity in China is confined to just a single clade. In contrast, Korea and Japan harbour strains from multiple clades. Distinct independent transmission events marked introduction of the pandemic lineage into New Zealand, Chile, Europe, Korea and Japan. Despite high similarity within the core genome and minimal impact of within-clade recombination, we observed extensive variation even within the single clade from which the global pandemic arose.932 - 944pathogen evolutiongenomic epidemiologybacterial plant pathogenplant-microbe interactionsdisease emergenceJournal article10.1093/gbe/evx055339245Massey_Dark0601 Biochemistry and Cell Biology0603 Evolutionary Biology0604 Genetics