Ahsan MShahzad WArif KM2025-12-092025-11Ahsan M, Shahzad W, Arif KM. (2025). Accurate Facial Temperature Measurement Using Low-Cost Thermal Camera for Indoor Thermal Comfort Applications. Buildings. 15. 22.https://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/73929Non-contact measurement of human skin temperature is an important area of research. Infrared temperature devices have played a critical role in measuring skin temperature without physical contact. Thermal cameras have also been employed for non-contact skin temperature measurements. However, both infrared devices and thermal cameras have limitations that restrict their use in the building industry for assessing occupant thermal comfort. The building industry requires sophisticated equipment capable of measuring human temperature non-invasively and, through integration with building control systems, adjusting the environment to meet occupants’ thermal comfort needs. Unfortunately, standard thermal cameras and infrared temperature sensors are not designed with building applications in mind. This paper proposes an affordable and building-compatible thermal camera designed to measure occupant skin temperature via a non-contact method, enabling better integration with building control systems to support occupant comfort. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system can reliably capture facial skin temperature and establish a quantifiable relationship between facial and room temperatures. Moreover, this provides a foundation for future real-time thermal comfort and building-control applications.CC BY 4.0(c) 2025 The Author/shttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/facial temperature monitoringRGB-T sensing systemindoor environment controlbuilding automationFanger PMV modelconvolutional neural networkraspberry Pi platformJournal article10.3390/buildings152240502075-5309journal-articlehttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9042-45094050