Browsing by Author "De Terte, Ian"

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Risk factors, work-related stressors and social support for ambulance personnel in New Zealand : an exploration of organisational and operational stressors and the importance of perceived social support : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Clinical Psychology at Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
(Massey University, 2021) Reti, Tayla
Ambulance personnel have one of the most stressful jobs across a wide range of occupations, and frequently experience operational and organisational stressors and are exposed to an increased level of traumatic events. As a result of these work-related stressors, ambulance personnel can experience psychological distress, specifically, posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and depression. A frequently researched coping strategy used to protect against psychological distress is social support. Thus, this research provides an exploration of work-related stressors, psychological distress and the impact social support can have on psychological distress for New Zealand ambulance personnel. A total of 183 ambulance personnel participated in the current research by completing an online survey. The final sample consisted of 125 ambulance personnel. Results showed that direct traumatic exposure, organisational stressors, male gender, and perceived support significantly associated with psychological distress. Operational stress did not relate to psychological distress, and organisational stress was more strongly related to depression. Perceived social support predicted both depression and PTSS, whereas received support did not predict either type of psychological distress. Perceived support was mildly associated with received support, depression and all three sources of support (spouse/family, colleagues and supervisors). Received support was not associated with either type of psychological distress, although did show a relationship with spouse/family support and supervisor support. Spouse/family support was perceived as the strongest source of support, followed by colleague support and lastly supervisor support. Social support did not impact the relationship between direct traumatic exposure and PTSS. Implications of these results are discussed. This research contributes to the literature focused on work-related stressors, and perceived support, highlighting the important impact both organisational stressors and perceived support can have on ambulance personnel. It is hoped that conclusions drawn from this research will have beneficial implications for ambulance personnel, their families and the organisations in which they work in.
Traumatic brain injury and substance use disorder in Aotearoa New Zealand : characteristics, correlates, and the role of social cognition in an inpatient addictions treatment sample : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the qualification of Doctor of Clinical Psychology at Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
(Massey University, 2025-11-25) Marshall, Hannah L. M.
Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBIs) and Substance Use Disorder (SUD) often cooccur, yet the underlying mechanisms linking these conditions remain unclear. One potential explanation is that TBI disrupts neuropsychological functioning, particularly Social Cognition, thereby increasing the risk of SUD. The overall objective of this thesis is to explore these relationships in depth. To achieve this, the first study aimed to gather a detailed history of head-injury characteristics among individuals with SUD in Aotearoa, including TBI with loss of consciousness (LOC). By ascertaining these characteristics, the second study aimed to examine their association with neuropsychological outcomes. Third, our final study aimed to explore the potential role of Social Cognition in explaining the relationship between TBI and SUD. A total of 77 adults (aged 18-64) engaged in residential treatment for SUD, participated in the current research. During their residential treatment program, participants completed self-report questionnaires to ascertain head-injury, TBI and SUD history, mental health, and TBI-related symptom severity. Of this sample, 70 went on to complete neuropsychological tasks. Study 1 revealed that one hundred percent of the sample endorsed one or more lifetime head-injury events. 81.8% of the sample had experienced a self-reported TBI featuring LOC, with the remaining 18.2% having a history of a ‘possible TBI’ where they sustained a head-injury event without LOC. Overall, 91% sustained multiple lifetime head-injuries (either with or without LOC). Compared to the general New Zealand population, this sample featured a higher rate of TBIs of moderate severity, and most events were untreated. Many individuals sustained head-injuries at a young age and sustained repeated injuries into adulthood. Study 2 found that individuals who had a high number of lifetime head-injuries showed significantly lower scores on executive functioning and self-reported experiencing more cognitive difficulties. Study 3 found that within Social Cognition, the interpretation of complex social cues, particularly those involving deception and subtle social intentions, may mediate the relationship between TBI and SUD. This research contributes to identifying unique rates, patterns, and outcomes of head-injury including TBI among treatment-seeking substance users and highlights factors which may increase individuals’ vulnerability. Social Cognition appears to be a mechanism worthy of future exploration as it may explain the relationship between TBI and SUD. Implications of these results for treatment and rehabilitation and directions for future research are discussed.
“Why aren’t you crying more?” : young New Zealand men talk mental health in a shifting climate of masculinities : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Clinical Psychology at Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
(Massey University, 2025-11-02) Peacock, Matthew
“Why Aren’t You Crying More?” invites an examination of the mental health attitudes and practices of young men in the context of New Zealand masculinities. There appears to be increasing recognition that traditional, hegemonic masculinities are implicated in men’s mental health practices and outcomes. This has facilitated a proliferation of public discourse about men’s mental health issues. Moreover, there appears to be increasing attenuation and nonconformity of traditional masculinities in certain contexts, particularly amongst young men. There has been limited exploration of the implications of attenuated and nonconforming masculinities for men’s mental health. Furthermore, there is little research that has examined the possibility of shifts in gendered mental health attitudes or practices, particularly in New Zealand. This research begins to address these gaps by exploring the experiences of young New Zealand men. This research asks, “how are young New Zealand men experiencing masculinity, and what are the implications for their mental health attitudes and practices?” In depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with thirteen young, everyday New Zealand men. The analysis employed social constructionism informed Reflexive Thematic Analysis. Findings depict a social context in which young New Zealand men’s mental health practices are still influenced by masculine norms of strength and toughness. Simultaneously, participants suggest these norms are softening, with reducing stigma and social punishment of nonconformity. Participants experience promotion of traditionally non masculine mental health practices, and observe normalisation of emotional expression, help-seeking practices, and vulnerability in men. They caveat that these movements are neither universal nor ubiquitous, as promotional efforts fail to simultaneously address the dynamic conditions that perpetuate men’s conformity to norms of strength and invulnerability. Within this context of conflicting gendered mental health messaging, this thesis finds that young men do not simply accept or reject prescribed norms. Instead, young men engage in dynamic processes of adaptation, resistance, and selective disclosure, depending on context, trust, and perceived risk. This thesis contributes to the existing research corpus by applying emerging contemporary masculinities work to the field of mental health. It calls for future interventions that are nuanced and empathetic, and offers considered insights for how to support New Zealand men’s wellbeing.