Browsing by Author "Meas, Pyseth"

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    Mathematical modelling and improvement of operating practices of sun drying of rice : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Massey University
    (Massey University, 2006) Meas, Pyseth
    In Cambodia, sun drying of rice has always been of great importance for preserving rice. The main goal of this study was to find the conditions for sun drying that maximise the throughput while minimising quality loss. A whole-bed approach was taken to investigate the conditions of the grain and the air at different layers during the drying process. Seven sets of sun-drying experiments were conducted in Cambodia using a range of methods practiced by rice farmers. These methods included drying with different bed depths (2 to 6 cm), with the bed on different pads (water-proof tarpaulin, mat, net, polystyrene or rice husk), and with different bed tempering methods (stirring regularly or shading and/or covering the bed around midday) for four Cambodian rice varieties (Pka Knhey, CAR11, Masary and IR66). The grain temperature was found to be more affected by the solar intensity than the temperature of the ambient air. Fastest drying was achieved when the bed was thin, less compacted, stirred regularly but not shaded or covered around midday, dried on a pad which allows some air and moisture movement and with high or strong solar intensity. Only the mechanical impact (MI) and milling tests of the rice quality provided useful results. Higher quality was found for grain that was dried in thin beds, stirred regularly, shaded with or without covering around midday and dried on pads with less air circulation. Among the methods used to determine the glass transition temperature of the grain, only the Differential Scanning Calorimetry method gave meaningful results. The glass transition temperature data were highly variable but generally decreased with increasing moisture content and compared quite well with the published glass transition temperatures for other varieties of rice. To provide additional detail on the local conditions within the bed, to better understand the drying process and the interactions between variables and to predict alternative parameters that might be used to correlate with the head rice yields (HRYs), a mathematical model for heat and moisture transport within the bed was developed. The model covered all the drying methods/conditions studied experimentally. A lumped parameter approach to energy and mass transfer in individual kernels was used in the bed model. The model was validated against experimental data. The predicted drying time, temperatures, moisture contents and water activities (relative humidity of the air within the bed) were found to compare very well with the experimental data except when a polystyrene pad was used. The model proved to be a very good mechanistic tool with advantages of simplicity and practical accuracy in the design and management of the sun drying system. A number of parameters related to postulated grain damage mechanisms were derived from the predicted conditions within the bed during drying. The best predictors of the grain quality were found to be rewetting the kernels when the grain is bulked (especially when the kernels are partly below and partly above critical moisture content) grain temperature and distance from the glass transition temperature line. It was concluded that in order to get the fastest drying conditions rice should be sun dried with thin bed, stirring, not shaded or covered around midday and dried on a pad with air circulation. For the highest quality grain, that is grain which would have the least breakage during milling, rice should be sun dried with a thin bed, stirring, shaded or covered around midday and dried on a pad with less air circulation. The optimal drying conditions to get the best quality combined with the fastest practical drying rate, the drying conditions should be drying with 2 cm bed depth, stirring the grain bed every hour, shading or covering the bed around midday and using a tarpaulin or net pad placed directly on the ground.
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    Performance evaluation of a prototype flat-bed grain dryer : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science in Postharvest Technology at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1999) Meas, Pyseth
    The performance of a new prototype flat-bed grain dryer designed for experimental research was evaluated using yellow dent maize grain of two hybrids ("Clint" and "Raissa" which are hard and soft, respectively) in three separate experiments. In experiment I, grain samples at three initial moisture contents (approx. 20, 25 and 30% w.b.) were dried at three air temperatures (58, 80 and 110°C). Dryer performance parameters such as drying time, drying rate, capacity, efficiencies and energy consumption were determined and the dried grain quality attributes were also evaluated. A thin layer drying model for predicting dried grain moisture ratio was proposed. In experiments II and III, grain samples were dried at 80°C air temperature from 25% to 14.5% moisture content, cooled or tempered before assessment of grain quality attributes. Overall, the dryer performance was good in terms of its operation and effects on quality of dried grain. Both dryer operational performance and dried grain physico-mechanical properties were affected by drying air temperature, grain initial moisture content, and the post-drying treatments. Low initial grain moisture content and high drying temperatures increased dryer capacity and reduced total energy consumption for drying. However, both high drying air temperature and high initial grain moisture content increased the incidence of grain damage. Slow cooling and/or tempering of the dried grain increased grain bulk density and reduced breakage susceptibility, especially when cooled or tempered in an airtight and well insulated container. However, these two post-drying treatments did not affect grain hardness significantly. Finally, a conceptual model for evaluating and optimising the performance of mechanical grain dryer is proposed.