Browsing by Author "Murray, Patricia Alison"

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    Characterisation of ACC synthase during leaf development in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Massey University
    (Massey University, 2001) Murray, Patricia Alison
    ACC synthase catalyses the rate limiting step in the ethylene biosynthetic pathway, and in all plants studied has been shown to be encoded by a highly divergent gene family. These different ACC synthase genes are differentially regulated in response to a variety of developmental and environmental stimuli. In this thesis, ACC synthase gene expression during leaf ontogeny in white clover (Trifolium repens L.,) has been studied. This study utilises the stoloniferous growth pattern of white clover, which provides leaf tissue at different developmental stages, ranging from initiation at the apex, through mature green to senescent, and then finally necrotic. RT-PCR, using degenerate primers to conserved regions of ACC synthase genes in the database, was used to amplify putative ACC synthase sequences from mRNA isolated from white clover leaf tissue. Sequencing and GenBank database alignment of the PCR products revealed that ACC synthase sequences comprising approximately 670 bp of the reading frame were amplified. Sequence alignments indicate that the sequences from white clover represent three distinct ACC synthases, and these were designated TR-ACS1 (Trifolium repens ACC synthase 1), TR-ACS2 and TR-ACS3. TR-ACS1 is 62% and 71% homologous to TR-ACS2 and TR-ACS3 respectively, and TR-ACS2 and TR-ACS3 are 63 % homologous, in terms of nucleotide sequence. Genomic Southern analysis, using the amplified reading frame of each gene as a probe, confirmed that the sequences are encoded for by distinct genes. In a GenBank database search, TR-ACS1 shows highest homology to an ACC synthase sequence from IAA-treated apical hooks of pea, and TR-ACS2 shows highest homology to an ACC synthase isolated from etiolated hypocotyls of mungbean. An ACC synthase isolated from white lupin, which was found to have increased expression during germination and in response to IAA and wounding, was most similar to TR-ACS3. Phylogenetic analysis determined that the three white clover ACC synthase genes are highly divergent. Phylogenetic analysis also determined that TR-ACS1 groups with ACC synthase sequences isolated from IAA-treated apical hooks of etiolated pea seedlings and IAA-treated mung bean hypocotyls. TR-ACS2 was found to group with ACC synthases isolated from etiolated hypocotyls of mung bean and TR-ACS3 was closest to a cDNA clone isolated from Citrus parapdisi. Northern analysis has shown that two of these genes are expressed differentially during leaf ontogeny. TR-ACS1 is expressed in mature green leaves and TR-ACS3 is expressed in senescent leaf tissue. The expression of TR-ACS2 was unable to be determined by northern analysis, and so the more sensitive method of RT-PCR was used. This procedure determined that TR-ACS2 is expressed predominantly in the apex, newly initiated and mature green leaves, and again at the onset of senescence. Sequence analysis of TR-ACS3 revealed that the coded protein is missing the active site of the enzyme. Using a primer specific for the conserved active site of ACC synthase, a sequence which was similar to TR-ACS3, but not completely homologous, was amplified by RT-PCR and designated TR-ACS3A. This sequence included the region encoding the active site of the enzyme, but contained an additional four nucleotides in the sequence. Thus the sequence may also encode a non-functional protein, and the possible roles of such non-functional proteins are discussed. The pattern of TR-ACS gene expression observed during leaf ontogeny suggests that these genes are under precise developmental control. Further, an indication as to the nature of the stimuli that may regulate the expression of the ACC synthase genes was provided by the phylogenetic analysis. To learn more of these physiological stimuli, white clover leaves were treated with two of the primary stimuli of ACC synthase gene expression, IAA and wounding; factors that were also shown to regulate the expression of sequences phylogenetically related to each TR-ACS gene. While the results of this experiment do not appear to be definitive, TR-ACS1 was the only gene that hybridised to timepoints in the IAA-treated tissue, and TR-ACS3 was the only gene to hybridise to the wound-induced tissues. The significance of ACC synthase gene expression during leaf ontogeny in white clover and its regulation is discussed. Antibodies were raised to the gene product of TR-ACSI expressed in E. coli. Using western analysis, the antibodies were shown to recognise the gene products of all three TR-ACS genes and a protein of 55 KD with highest intensity in mature green leaf extracts. Minor recognition of proteins of 29, 34, 37, 69 and 82 KD was also observed.
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    Seed factors involved in early seedling establishment of Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue) : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Plant Biology and Biotechnology at Massey University, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 1995) Murray, Patricia Alison
    New Zealand pastures are commonly based on vigorously growing Lolium (ryegrass) species. In many situations, however, it is often advantageous to combine the vigorous qualities of Lolium species with the versatility of other species such as Festuca arundinacea (tall fescue) to result in a pasture which is high in quality all year. F. arundinacea, however, has poor seedling vigour which places it at a competitive disadvantage when sown with Lolium. During seedling establishment, the seedling is dependent upon the food reserves present in the seed. The nature and amount of these reserves and the ability of the seed to mobilise them are therefore likely to have an affect on seedling perfonnance. While much knowledge exists about the processes involved in seed reserve mobilisation in some cereals, little information is available for pasture grasses. An in depth investigation of the behaviour of one seed lot of F. arundinacea was undertaken in order to gain a more detailed understanding of germination, reserve mobilisation and establishment processes in pasture grasses and how they relate to the processes of seedling growth. Comparisons between this species and Lolium multiflorum (Italian ryegrass) were undertaken throughout the study. Germination and seedling growth of the F. arundinacea seed lot was found to be heterogenous and slower than in L. multiflorum due to later radicle emergence. Mobilisation of reserves and the onset of α-amylase activity correlated well with the utilisation of reserves in L. multiflorum. In both prechilled and non prechilled F. arundinacea seeds, however, anomalies were identified in the process which indicated that reserve mobilisation was less tightly coupled to seedling growth in F. arundinacea. Reciprocal plot analyses indicated that the beneficial effects of prechilling in most seeds of the F. arundinacea seed lot were not related to residual dormancy but were a thermal time benefit. It appears prechilling was allowing rate limiting steps in embryo growth to be advanced before visible germination. Apart from this, no real differences were detected in the way the two species mobilised reserves. Differences in the appearance of α-amylase isoenzymes of F. arundinacea at different times during germination indicated that gene expression may be under some complex differential control mechanisms during germination and reserve mobilisation. Prechilling was not found to change the spectrum of isoenzymes, but merely to advance the time-course in which different isoenzymes appeared. There were also distinct differences in α-amylase isoenzyme patterns between F. arundinacea and L. multiflorum, and also wheat. Preliminary studies indicated that exogenous gibberellic acid was more effective in promoting α-amylase production in L. multiflorum than in F. arundinacea. However, α-amylase production in F. arundinacea was more susceptible to promotion by prechilling. This study has identified a wide range of variables impacting on germination and seedling establishment in F. arundinacea. This, together with the lack of previous detailed studies on grass seed germination and seedling growth and the lack of literature on F. arundinacea germination in particular, highlights the enormity of the task ahead of extending key areas of this study to different seed lots and species.