Browsing by Author "Philipp MC"

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    A multilab preregistered replication of the ego-depletion effect
    (Sage, 2016) Hagger MS; Chatzisarantis NLD; Alberts H; Anggono CO; Batailler C; Birt AR; Brand R; Brandt MJ; Brewer G; Bruyneel S; Calvillo DP; Campbell WK; Cannon PR; Carlucci M; Carruth NP; Cheung T; Crowell A; De Ridder DTD; Dewitte S; Elson M; Evans JR; Fay BA; Fennis BM; Finley A; Francis Z; Hoemann H; Heise E; Inzlicht M; Koole SL; Koppel L; Kroese F; Lange F; Lau K; Lynch BP; Martijn C; Merckelbach H; Mills NV; Michirev A; Miyake A; Mosser AE; Muise M; Muller D; Muzi M; Nalis D; Nurwanti R; Otgaar H; Philipp MC; Primoceri P; Rentzsch K; Ringos L; Schlinkert C; Schmeichel BJ; Schoch SF; Schrama M; Schütz A; Stamos A; Tinghög G; Ullrich J; vanDellen M; Wimbarti S; Wolff W; Yusainy C; Zerhouni O; Zwienenberg M
    Good self-control has been linked to adaptive outcomes such as better health, cohesive personal relationships, success in the workplace and at school, and less susceptibility to crime and addictions. In contrast, self-control failure is linked to maladaptive outcomes. Understanding the mechanisms by which self-control predicts behavior may assist in promoting better regulation and outcomes. A popular approach to understanding self-control is the strength or resource depletion model. Self-control is conceptualized as a limited resource that becomes depleted after a period of exertion resulting in self-control failure. The model has typically been tested using a sequential-task experimental paradigm, in which people completing an initial self-control task have reduced self-control capacity and poorer performance on a subsequent task, a state known as ego depletion. Although a meta-analysis of ego-depletion experiments found a medium-sized effect, subsequent meta-analyses have questioned the size and existence of the effect and identified instances of possible bias. The analyses served as a catalyst for the current Registered Replication Report of the ego-depletion effect. Multiple laboratories (k = 23, total N = 2,141) conducted replications of a standardized ego-depletion protocol based on a sequential-task paradigm by Sripada et al. Meta-analysis of the studies revealed that the size of the ego-depletion effect was small with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) that encompassed zero (d = 0.04, 95% CI [−0.07, 0.15]. We discuss implications of the findings for the ego-depletion effect and the resource depletion model of self-control.
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    Contribution to O’Donnell et al. (2017, in press). Registered replication report: Dijksterhuis & van Knippenberg (1998).
    (Association for Psychological Science, 2018) Philipp MC; Williams MN; Cannon PC; Drummond A
    Dijksterhuis and van Knippenberg (1998) reported that participants primed with a category associated with intelligence (“professor”) subsequently performed 13% better on a trivia test than participants primed with a category associated with a lack of intelligence (“soccer hooligans”). In two unpublished replications of this study designed to verify the appropriate testing procedures, Dijksterhuis, van Knippenberg, and Holland observed a smaller difference between conditions (2%–3%) as well as a gender difference: Men showed the effect (9.3% and 7.6%), but women did not (0.3% and −0.3%). The procedure used in those replications served as the basis for this multilab Registered Replication Report. A total of 40 laboratories collected data for this project, and 23 of these laboratories met all inclusion criteria. Here we report the meta-analytic results for those 23 direct replications (total N = 4,493), which tested whether performance on a 30-item general-knowledge trivia task differed between these two priming conditions (results of supplementary analyses of the data from all 40 labs, N = 6,454, are also reported). We observed no overall difference in trivia performance between participants primed with the “professor” category and those primed with the “hooligan” category (0.14%) and no moderation by gender.
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    Smiling to Smiles After Exclusion: Social Rejection Enhances Affiliative Signalling
    (2014) Philipp MC; Bernstein M; Vanman EJ; Johnston L
    Reciprocating others' smiles is important for maintaining social connections as it both signals a common affective state to others and possibly induces empathetic reactions in the actor. Feelings of social exclusion may increase such "mimicry" as a means to improve affiliative bonds with others. Whether smile reciprocation differs based on the perceived smile type was the focus of this study. Young adults wrote about either a time they were excluded or a neutral event. They then viewed a series of smiles-half genuine and half posed. Facial electromyography recorded muscle activity involved in smiling. Excluded participants better distinguished the two smile types. They also showed greater zygomaticus (cheek) activity toward genuine smiles compared to posed smiled; non-excluded participants did not. The extent to which participants reciprocated the smiles was unrelated to their ability to distinguish between smile types. Affiliative motivation is discussed as a possible explanation for these effects.
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    What do incoming university students believe about open science practices in psychology?
    (SAGE Publications, 11/07/2022) Beaudry JL; Williams M; Philipp MC; Kothe EJ
    Background: Understanding students’ naive conceptions about the norms that guide scientific best practice is important so that teachers can adapt to students’ existing understandings. Objective: We examined what incoming undergraduate students of psychology believe about reproducibility and open science practices. Method: We conducted an online survey with participants who were about to start their first course in psychology at a university (N = 239). Results: When asked to indicate how a researcher should conduct her study, most students endorsed several open science practices. When asked to estimate the proportion of published psychological studies that follow various open science practices, participants’ estimates averaged near 50%. Only 18% of participants reported that they had heard the term “replication crisis.” Conclusion: Despite media attention about the replication crisis, few incoming psychology students in our sample were familiar with the term. The students were nevertheless in favour of most open science practices, although they overestimated the prevalence of some of these practices in psychology. Teaching Implications: Teachers of incoming psychology students should not assume pre-existing knowledge about open science or replicability.
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    What makes for the most intense regrets? Comparing the effects of several theoretical predictors of regret intensity
    (Frontiers in Psychology, 15/12/2016) Towers A; Williams MN; Hill SR; Philipp MC; Flett R
    Several theories have been proposed to account for variation in the intensity of life regrets. Variables hypothesized to affect the intensity of regret include: whether the regretted decision was an action or an inaction, the degree to which the decision was justified, and the life domain of the regret. No previous study has compared the effects of these key predictors in a single model in order to identify which are most strongly associated with the intensity of life regret. In this study, respondents (N D 500) to a postal survey answered questions concerning the nature of their greatest life regret. A Bayesian regression analysis suggested that regret intensity was greater for—in order of importance—decisions that breached participants’ personal life rules, decisions in social life domains than non-social domains, and decisions that lacked an explicit justification. Although regrets of inaction were more frequent than regrets of action, regrets relating to actions were slightly more intense.