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Item Interactions Between Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and the Recipient Immune System: A Comparative Review With Relevance to Equine Outcomes(Frontiers Media S.A., 2021-01-13) Kamm JL; Riley CB; Parlane N; Gee EK; McIlwraith CW; Schnabel LVDespite significant immunosuppressive activity, allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) carry an inherent risk of immune rejection when transferred into a recipient. In naïve recipients, this immune response is initially driven by the innate immune system, an immediate reaction to the foreign cells, and later, the adaptive immune system, a delayed response that causes cell death due to recognition of specific alloantigens by host cells and antibodies. This review describes the actions of MSCs to both suppress and activate the different arms of the immune system. We then review the survival and effectiveness of the currently used allogeneic MSC treatments.Item The pattern of breeding and management within the New Zealand Thoroughbred breeding industry 2005-2015. (II) The mare population(CSIRO Publishing, 2024-01) Chin YY; Rogers CW; Gee EK; Stafford KJ; Cameron EZContext: The New Zealand Thoroughbred breeding industry is heavily focused on producing horses for the export market and there has been a reduction in the number of horses racing in the past 20 years. The impact of these production constraints, and changes in production focus, have not been described at a national herd level. Aim: To describe the breeding management, reproductive performance, and careers of the New Zealand Thoroughbred broodmare herd during the 2005/06-2015/16 breeding seasons. Methods: The demographics, population structure, reproductive efficiency, breeding management and career descriptors of Thoroughbred mares were examined using descriptive analysis. Gestation length was modelled using a linear mixed effects model. The impact of different variables on breeding career were quantified by calculating odds ratio. Results: There was a consistent reduction in the size of the national broodmare herd over the 10 years investigated. Half of the mares not retained for breeding were mares that were breed to low-cost stallions. Despite a short (∼100 days) commercial breeding season few (20%) mares were mated early in the season (September), with most mating (70%) occurring between October and November. The 27 days mean foaling to conception interval (FCI) suggests that FCI was artificially shortened and most pregnancy was achieved within first oestrus cycle post-partum. Mare career length and lifetime productivity was positively associated with the stud fee of the first stallion that the mare was mated to and number of foals registered for racing. Conclusion: Mare replacement and loss within the national herd was disproportionately associated with mares that were producing foals for a contracting domestic racing market. There was a constricted breeding season with most mares being mated within the first oestrous cycle post-partum. Mare retention and breeding success were positively associated with the service fee of the sire and progeny that had raced, reflecting the commercial pressure of the industry on mare management. Implication: The changes in the broodmare herd and management reflects the increasing proportion of the industry focusing on breeding foals that will appeal to the export market. The economic drivers for early born foals provide management challenges as these are not aligned with the optimal reproductive season of the horse.Item The pattern of breeding and management within the New Zealand Thoroughbred breeding industry 2005-2015. 1. the stallion population(CSIRO Publishing, 2024-01) Chin YY; Rogers CW; Gee EK; Stafford KJ; Cameron EZ; Bryden WContext: There has been a contraction within the New Zealand Thoroughbred racing industry and there are limited data demonstrating how this has affected, or been reflected, within the breeding industry that supplies horses for the racing industry. A reduction in the breeding industry, to a greater extent in the sector servicing domestic rather than export market has been speculated. Aim: To describe the demographics, breeding pattern, reproductive career and workload of New Zealand Thoroughbred stallions between 2005 and 2015. Methods: The breeding records of all Thoroughbred stallions covering >10 mares during 2005/2006-2015/2016 breeding seasons and the lifetime breeding records of all the mares covered by these stallions were extracted from the New Zealand Thoroughbred Racing website. The demographics, population numbers, career pattern, and 10-year trend in market share of stallions in different stud fee categories were examined using descriptive analysis. The stallion's reproductive workload was modelled deterministically. Results: The breeding population reduced over the 10 years examined (mares by 20%, sires by 32%). This industry consolidation was almost entirely due to the 50% reduction in the number of mares mated to the low-priced stallions, which generated horses for the domestic market. The relative proportion of mares sent to medium- and high-priced stallions (breed to sell and export sector) doubled. The commercial breeding career of low- and medium-priced stallions and shuttle stallions was short (4-5 years). The number of mares covered by a stallion increased with stud fee category. Stallions covered a greater number of mares in October and November than in September and December because of the restricted opportunity to cover foaled mares early in the season, caused by the long gestation length of mares and the need to cover mares before December. Conclusions: Findings in this study support that the contraction in the New Zealand Thoroughbred breeding industry was due to a reduction in the industry sector that focuses primarily on supplying horses for domestic racing. Commercial pressure and biological constraints heavily influenced the reproductive management of the breeding industry. The breeding management of stallions during the season is heavily influenced by stallion service fee category, which reflects his book size and the commercial appeal of the resultant progeny. Implications: The contraction within the domestic sector of the breeding industry was reflected in the concurrent contraction within New Zealands domestic racing population and fewer colts and geldings entering racing. Industry breeding trends demonstrate that economic viability and optimisation of revenue depend on the breeding industry focusing on the export rather than domestic market.Item Reproductive production constraints within the New Zealand racing industry(2016) Rogers CWW; Gee EK; Bolwell CFThe New Zealand Thoroughbred industry has seen rationalisation in response to changes in the domestic market and more recently the Global Financial Crisis (GFC). To quantify changes in production, end-of-season reproductive data for active Thoroughbred sires were extracted for the 1989/90 to 2011/12 breeding seasons. There were reductions in the numbers of mares bred and foals produced (10,176 mares & 5,882 foals vs. 5,826 mares & 3,927 foals, respectively in 1989/90 and 2011/12 seasons) resulting in a greater relative proportion of foals registrations (57% vs. 67%). During this period, the number of active sires decreased (265 vs. 94) and number of mares per sire increased (33 IQR 18-53 vs. 49 29-91). The 2007/08 season (GFC) was associated with an acute reduction in the number of shuttle stallions imported for breeding (from 23% in 2006/07 to 11% of active sires in 2007/08), and a temporary increase in number of mares bred (13%), in response to the 2007 Equine Influenza outbreak in Australia. The proportion of sires covering >100 mares per season increased from 6% (1989/90) to 25% (2011/12). Despite the reduction in active broodmares during the same period (43%), there has not been a proportional decrease in export numbers (24%) or domestic numbers of horses racing (6.5%).