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Item Papillomaviruses and Papillomaviral Disease in Dogs and Cats: A Comprehensive Review.(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2024-12-01) Munday JS; Knight CG; Materniak-Kornas M; Rola-Łuszczak M; Woźniakowski GPapillomaviruses (PVs) frequently infect humans as well as non-human species. While most PV infections are asymptomatic, PVs can also cause hyperplastic papillomas (warts) as well as pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions. In this review, the life cycle of PVs is discussed, along with the mechanisms by which PVs cause hyperplastic and neoplastic diseases. The humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to PVs are reviewed, giving context to the later discussion on the use of vaccines to reduce canine and feline PV-associated disease. Both dogs and cats are infected by numerous different PV types classified into multiple different PV genera. The taxonomic classification of PVs is reviewed, along with the significance of this classification. The PV-associated diseases of dogs and cats are then described. These descriptions include the clinical presentation of the disease, the causative PV types, the histological features that allow diagnosis, and, where appropriate, possible treatment options. The review is comprehensive and contains the latest information about PVs and the diseases they cause in dogs and cats.Item Canis Familiaris Papillomavirus Type 26: A Novel Papillomavirus of Dogs and the First Canine Papillomavirus within the Omegapapillomavirus Genus.(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2024-04-12) Munday JS; Bond SD; Piripi S; Soulsby SJ; Knox MA; Christensen NDomestic dogs are currently recognized as being infected by 25 different canine papillomavirus (CPV) types classified into three genera. A short sequence from a novel CPV type was amplified, along with CPV1, from a papilloma (wart) from the mouth of a dog. The entire 7499 bp genome was amplified, and CPV26 contained putative coding regions that were predicted to produce four early proteins and two late ones. The ORF L1 showed less than 62% similarity for all previously sequenced CPV types but over 69% similarity to multiple Omegapapillomavirus types from a variety of Caniform species including the giant panda, Weddel seal, and polar bear. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed CPV26 clusters within the Omegapapillomavirus genus. Specific primers were used to investigate the presence of CPV26 DNA within a series of 37 canine proliferative lesions. CPV26 DNA was amplified from one lesion, a cutaneous papilloma that also contained CPV6. This is the first time a PV type within the Omegapapillomavirus genus has been detected in a non-domestic species and this provides evidence that the omegapapillomaviruses infected a common ancestor of, and then co-evolved with, the Caniform species. Whether CPV26 causes disease is uncertain, but the absence of an E7 protein may suggest low pathogenicity.Item Two Lineages of Papillomaviruses Identified from Caracals (Caracal caracal) in South Africa.(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2024-04-29) Kraberger S; Serieys LEK; Leighton GRM; De Koch MD; Munday JS; Bishop JM; Varsani A; Troyer RPapillomaviruses (PV) infect epithelial cells and can cause hyperplastic or neoplastic lesions. In felids, most described PVs are from domestic cats (Felis catus; n = 7 types), with one type identified in each of the five wild felid species studied to date (Panthera uncia, Puma concolor, Leopardus wiedii, Panthera leo persica and Lynx rufus). PVs from domestic cats are highly diverse and are currently classified into three genera (Lambdapapillomavirus, Dyothetapapillomavirus, and Taupapillomavirus), whereas those from wild felids, although diverse, are all classified into the Lambdapapillomavirus genus. In this study, we used a metagenomic approach to identify ten novel PV genomes from rectal swabs of five deceased caracals (Caracal caracal) living in the greater Cape Town area, South Africa. These are the first PVs to be described from caracals, and represent six new PV types, i.e., Caracal caracal papillomavirus (CcarPV) 1-6. These CcarPV fall into two phylogenetically distinct genera: Lambdapapillomavirus, and Treisetapapillomavirus. Two or more PV types were identified in a single individual for three of the five caracals, and four caracals shared at least one of the same PV types with another caracal. This study broadens our understanding of wild felid PVs and provides evidence that there may be several wild felid PV lineages.Item Amplification of Ovis aries papillomavirus type 2 DNA from an ovine cutaneous fibropapilloma.(John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2024-04-01) Munday JS; Klobukowska HJ; Nicholson KSeven of 60 Perendale sheep within a flock developed single or multiple exophytic masses on their distal hind limbs. A mass was excised from one sheep and histological evaluation revealed epidermal and mesenchymal proliferation, papillomavirus-induced keratinocyte changes and marked keratohyalin clumping. Ovis aries papillomavirus type 2 DNA sequences were amplified using PCR.Item Detection of a novel papillomaviral sequence in viral plaques confined to the pinna of a dog.(John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2023-08-01) Munday JS; Orbell G; Robinson LA raised plaque that contained histological evidence of papillomavirus infection and sequences from a novel papillomavirus type developed close to the ear canal of a 14-year-old West Highland white terrier. The plaque was excised, and further plaques developed within the same area of pinna.Item Osteoinductive squamous cell carcinoma associated with a putative novel papillomavirus on the digit of a cat.(Taylor and Francis Group, 2024-03-01) Munday JS; Dunbar ME; Wightman P; Piripi SCASE HISTORY AND CLINICAL FINDINGS: An approximately 10-year-old, castrated male domestic short-haired cat developed swelling and ulceration of the second digit of the right front paw. Radiographs revealed a spherical soft tissue swelling with irregular distal margins that contained multiple lacy mineral opacities. The digit was amputated and submitted for histology. No recurrence has been observed 7 months after amputation. PATHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR FINDINGS: Histology revealed a moderately well-circumscribed proliferation of well-differentiated squamous cells arranged in trabeculae and nests. Numerous thin spicules of osseous metaplasia were visible throughout the neoplasm. Around 70% of the neoplastic cells contained papillomavirus-induced cell changes including large amphophilic cytoplasmic bodies and cells with shrunken nuclei surrounded by a clear halo. Intense p16CDKN2A protein immunostaining was visible within the neoplastic cells, suggesting papillomavirus-induced changes in cell regulation. A DNA sequence from a putative novel Taupapillomavirus type was amplified from the neoplasm. DIAGNOSIS: Osteoinductive squamous cell carcinoma associated with a putative novel papillomavirus type. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The findings in this case increase the number of papillomavirus types known to infect cats, and the squamous cell carcinoma had histological features that have not been previously reported. The neoplasm was not as invasive as is typical for a squamous cell carcinoma and excision appeared curative. This is the first report of an osteoinductive squamous cell carcinoma of the skin of cats and the neoplasm had a unique radiographic appearance.Item Papillomaviruses in Domestic Cats(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2021-08-22) Munday JS; Thomson NA; Beatty JA; Tasker SPapillomaviruses (PVs) are well established to cause hyperplastic papillomas (warts) in humans and animals. In addition, due to their ability to alter cell regulation, PVs are also recognized to cause approximately 5% of human cancers and these viruses have been associated with neoplasia in a number of animal species. In contrast to other domestic species, cats have traditionally been thought to less frequently develop disease due to PV infection. However, in the last 15 years, the number of viruses and the different lesions associated with PVs in cats have greatly expanded. In this review, the PV life cycle and the subsequent immune response is briefly discussed along with methods used to investigate a PV etiology of a lesion. The seven PV types that are currently known to infect cats are reviewed. The lesions that have been associated with PV infections in cats are then discussed and the review finishes with a brief discussion on the use of vaccines to prevent PV-induced disease in domestic cats.Item Genomic Characterisation of Canis Familiaris Papillomavirus Type 24, a Novel Papillomavirus Associated with Extensive Pigmented Plaque Formation in a Pug Dog(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2022-10-26) Munday JS; Gedye K; Knox MA; Ravens P; Lin X; Dalianis TNumerous large dark plaques developed over the ventrum, legs and head of a 9-year-old pug dog over a 4-year-period. Histology confirmed a diagnosis of viral pigmented plaque and a short section of a novel papillomavirus (PV) type was amplified using consensus PCR primers. Taking advantage of the circular nature of PV DNA, 'outward facing' PCR primers allowed amplification of the full sequence. As this is the 24th PV known to infect dogs, the novel PV was designated canine papillomavirus (CPV) type 24. The CPV24 genome contained putative coding regions for 5 early proteins and 2 late ones. The CPV24 open reading frame L1 showed the highest (78.2%) similarity to CPV4 and phylogenetic analysis showed that CPV24 clustered with CPV4 and CPV16 suggesting CPV24 is the third species 2 Chipapillomavirus type identified in dogs. This is the third report of extensive pigmented plaques covering a high proportion of the skin. Both previous cases were caused CPV4 and, considering the high genetic similarity between CPV4 and CP24, infection by these CPV types may predispose to more severe clinical disease. In addition, as plaques caused by CPV16 appear more likely to progress to neoplasia, the detection of a species 2 Chipapillomavirus within a pigmented plaque may indicate the potential for more severe disease.