Massey Documents by Type

Permanent URI for this communityhttps://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/294

Browse

End date: 1979Subject: search.filters.subject.Feeding and feeds

Search Results

Now showing 1 - 10 of 20
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Pasture utilization in relation to New Zealand dairy farming : a thesis presented in part fulfilment of the requirements for the Animal Husbandry section of the degree of Master of Agricultural Science at Massey University, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 1949) McArthur, Alistair Thomas Giles
    The world shortage of food is the most serious crisis which faces mankind today. It is a crisis which has no earlier precedent and one for which remedial measures will be hard to find. The problem, first mentioned by Malthus in 1798, is one of limited food resources combined with an increasing world population. The basis of food production lies in the soil mantle of the world which is limited in extent and decreases yearly both in quantity and quality through the use of bad farming practices which lead to soil erosin. The present level of human nutrition throughout the world is far from adequate. In North .America and Australasia, the average daily consumption of calories per head is above 3000 but in the Middle East it is only 2400 while in the Far East it varies between 1700 and 2100, which is well below requirements (Fawcett (1948)). Not only are these people in need of more food energy but they also require more protein, minerals and vitamins. Livestock products are, of course, rich in these 'protective' foods and the expansion of livestock production will play an important part in raising the level of nut­rition of the world's population. [From Introduction]
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    The value of dried buttermilk as compared with skim milk for calf rearing, and the effect of feeding at two different levels on growth to weaning under New Zealand conditions : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science, University of New Zealand
    (Massey University, 1949) Corbett, J. L.
    It is startling fact that each year in New Zealand, the digestible protein lost for human consumption through the inefficient conversion of dairy by-products into pigment, is approximately twice the total annual output of protein in lamb and cheese; and the food energy lost nearly equals the energy in these two commodities (Filmer 1944). Though a proportion of the loss is through the associated feeding of coarse grain and meat meal, and also some from whey, the great majority arises from the feeding of skim milk and buttermilk which are of immediate human nutritional significance. The case for making these high quality foods directly available for human consumption is strong, despite any repercussions on the pig industry and notwithstanding such economic considerations as secure markets. In order to do so it is obvious that the raw materials must be processed to reduce bulk and improve keeping quality for transportation. The utilisation in this way of skim milk is set back by the considerable problem of its collection from the cream supplying farms, though it may be easier where the density of these in an area is high. Since the butter­milk is produced at the dairy factory, this difficulty does not apply. [From Introduction]
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    The derivation of a meal whey production function for pigs : a thesis presented at Massey University College of Manawatu in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science in Victoria University of Wellington
    (Massey University, 1963) Townsley, Robert J
    This chapter discusses in some detail, the usefullness of knowledge about technological relationships, in the form of a production function, in management processes associated with pigmeat production in New Zealand. 1.1 The Management Process In 1939 T.W. Schultz wrote a fundamental article(¹)"Theory of the Firm and Farm Management Research" T.W. Schults, J.Farm Econ., Vol.21, 1939, p.570. pointing out that the farm firm exists in a dynamic economy where production nay be adjusted and co-ordinated in response to changing conditions. The motivation for change at the farm level is generally the expectation of progress in the attainment of a set of objectives held by the entrepreneur. The whole process of making adjustments and changes within the framework of the firm has become known as the "Management Process". In the article referred to, Schultz pointed to the two main interests of Farm Management workers and Agricultural Economists, namely: (1) a desire to provide a basis for guiding entrepreneurial decisions under dynamic conditions; or, in more up-to-date terminology, to assist farmers in carrying out tho management process with the aim of maximising their objective functions, and (2) to provide results of use to policy makers in understanding the relationship between micro and macro adjustments in agriculture. [From Introduction]
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    The comparison of pasture and concentrates as early-weaning foods for calves : a thesis ... for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science in Animal Science
    (Massey University, 1974) Byford, Malcolm James
    Fourteen Friesian bull calves, born May 1972, were used in an experiment to study the use of pasture compared with concentrates as an early weaning food for calves. Early-weaning was defined as the weaning of calves off a liquid diet to a solid diet by the time they were five weeks of age. The calves were housed indoors in metabolism crates, with the pasture (ryegrass/clover) being cut daily and fed to them fresh. The composition of the concentrate diet was 65% rolled barley, 14% meat meal (60% protein), 15% linseed meal, 5%molasses, and the balance minerals and vitamins. The concentrate diet was fed as a meal and to help ensure the health of the calves receiving it, 10% finely chopped hay was added. The calves were randomly allocated to the two groups (seven calves in each) on arrival, when they were about four days old. During the pre-weaning period all calves were managed similarly and fed in accordance with early-weaning practise, i.e. restricted level of milk to induce a rapid development of the intake of solid food. In order to guarantee the ingestion of pasture the level of concentrates fed was restricted. The calves were weaned off milk by five weeks of age. In the post-weaning period, from five through to eight weeks of age, one group of calves received pasture ad libitum and the other concentrate ad libitum plus a restricted level of pasture (500g wet matter/day - accounting for 8 to 10% of the total DM intake). It was concluded that pasture was inferior to concentrates in promoting live-weight gain in early-weaned calves. This occurred despite pasture and concentrates having similar DE coefficients; namely 75.16 and 74.25% respectively. The major difference was that of intake, with the calves receiving pasture having a significantly lower DE intake over the post-weaning period compared with the calves receiving concentrates. The difference in intake was probably associated with pasture having a lower bulk density than concentrates. Two possible mechanisms, gut fill and oropharyngeal, whereby this would have caused a difference in intake are discussed. Also discussed is the absolute growth rates of the calves receiving pasture in the context of the possible use of pasture as an early-weaning food for dairy replacement stock. Between eight and ten weeks the calves receiving the concentrate diet were changed to pasture alone. This caused a decrease in the performance of these calves. However, these results were confounded by a decrease in the quality of the pasture over this period. Between ten and twelve weeks all calves were receiving pasture alone ad libitum. The rearing methods were shown to have no effect on the calves intake of pasture during the twelfth week, provided allowance was made for the difference in live weight which existed between the two groups. The calves were put out to pasture when twelve weeks old and their post-experimental growth rates recorded. This period was terminated when the average age of the calves was 303 days. The results demonstrated that the mean grown rates of both groups during this period were very similar. This resulted in the live-weight difference established between the two groups when they were twelve weeks old being permanent.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    The effect on food intake and milk production of adding concentrate to the ration of cows fed pasture : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1967) Taparia, A. L.
    It has long been appreciated that well managed leafy pasture will provide sufficient energy and protein for high milk production. However, because of seasonality of pasture production there are periods in the year when the supply of pasture is deficient. Hay and silage are used to supplement pasture during these periods of shortages on New Zealand dairy farms, but are limited in their ability to maintain high levels of milk production, particularly early in lactation. Thus recourse may have to be made to the use of concentrates to maintain milk production during periods of pasture shortage. The limited amount of experimental work conducted in New Zealand on the use of concentrates (Hancock, 1953; Wallace, 1957) indicated that their use may be worthwhile. However, information on the effects of supplementing pasture with concentrates under controlled (indoor) experimental conditions is non-existent under New Zealand conditions. Results obtained by overseas workers on the effect of concentrate feeding on milk production suggest that responses have been most erratic, especially when concentrates have been fed with pasture. In general these responses were less than would have been expected on the basis of feeding standards. Reports on supplementary feeding of dairy cows by Corbett and Boyne (1958), MacLusky (1955) and Seath et. al. (1962) suggest that the concentrated fed acted as a substitute for pasture. In all of these experiments, however, the intake of pasture was measured by indirect methods. Taking the above points into consideration two experiments were conducted. The first one was a small grazing experiment with the object of studying the effects of concentrates on milk yield and composition and to obtain experience in the problems of experimentation in a simple continuous trial using 16 Friesian cows. The other experiment involved nine Jersey cows and was mainly designed to study the effect of feeding concentrates on voluntary intake of pasture. This experiment consisted of a 3 x 3 Latin square replicated three times, with squares being run concurrently. Measurements of milk yield and milk composition were also carried out. Additional information was obtained on the rate of passage of feedstuffs with some of the cows, on digestibility of feeds with sex wethers, and rumen fermentation studies with four (extra) fistulated cows.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Pasture availability and composition in relation to diet selection and diet quality by grazing sheep : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1979) Guy, Murray Clive
    Some factors influencing grazing behaviour, diet selection and diet quality by sheep were investigated. The influences of pasture availability, accessibility, composition and digestibility on diet selection by grazing sheep at two stocking rates (24 and 36 sheep per hectare) over three-day grazing periods during two seasons (summer and autumn) were examined. The stocking rates were replicated twice and measurements were recorded at six intervals, each a three-day grazing period., over the summer and autumn seasons. Dietary samples were obtained by the use of oesophageal fistulated sheep, and comparisons between extrusa samples and cut pasture were made. Pasture type contrasted between seasons with extremes of availability, structure, accessibility and quality. These evolving pasture types and their changing properties are discussed. Sheep grazing pasture have the ability to be selective, the extent of diet selection being dependent on pasture properties of availability, composition and quality. Diet preference is for the green leaf component of the pasture with avoidance of mature stem and dead matter. However in situations of low pasture availability and poor accessibility of the preferred green leaf component, increasing amounts of dead herbage were ingested, as was evidenced in comparisons between periods and during three-day grazing periods. Digestibility values of the sheeps' diets are higher than corresponding values from available pasture the magnitude of the difference being dependent on pasture composition, availability and accessibility, ie. the opportunity afforded for diet selection.Descriptions of experimental site, climatic conditions and animal management are recorded. The results are discussed in relation to other research findings, and their practical implications.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    A study of the nutritive value of New Zealand meatmeals : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science in the Victoria University of Wellington
    (Massey University, 1963) Grace, N. D
    Meatmeals are an important source of protein in New Zealand poultry diets. These meatmeals are processed from the waste by-products of the freezing works and because of their high protein content they are a useful source of supplementary protein. It appears, however, that the meatmeals as a foodstuff are not uniform in their nutritive value, as poultry men have observed that young poultry grow well on some meatmeals and poorly on others. This observation has been confirmed by recent work (McDonald, 1961) which has been done in Australia. The present study has been undertaken to investigate some of the factors influencing the nutritive value of the meatmeals and to find a chemical method which could be used to evaluate their protein quality.
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    A study of the effects of plane of nutrition on bovine milk proteins, with particular emphasis on the individual whey proteins : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science in Animal Science at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1977) Gray, Robert Macauley
    Milk and other dairy products comprise a major source of man's food. The milk of the cow (Bos taurus) is of overwhelming importance (F.A.O. Yearbook 1974). Interest in the composition of cows milk stems largely from its importance in the human diet and from the need of milk producers to meet the legal requirements governing its sale (Rook 1961a). Prior to about the 1850's milk had been found to contain fat, sugar, protein and minerals (Jenness and Patton 1959). The development and refinement of qualitative and quantitative techniques has subdivided these gross categories of milk composition into a vast array of molecules (jenness 1974). The composition of cows milk has been extensively reviewed: Cerbulis and Farrell (1975), Jenness (1974), Webb and Johnson (1965), Ling et al. (1961), Rook (1961a & b), Armstrong (1959), Jenness and Patton (1959). The Sale of Food and Drugs Act (l908) prescribed minimum compositional standards required for milk sold or intended for sale in New Zealand. These were"8.5 parts per centum of milk solids other than milk fat and 3.25 parts per centum of milk fat" (Sykes 1952).
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
  • Thumbnail Image
    Item
    Some effects of hot climatic conditions on Brahman x Friesian and Friesian calves fed high and low roughage rations : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science in Animal Science at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1978) Tiong, Francis King Chiu
    The experiment consists of two parts: the Main trial and Radiant heat stress trial. 1. Main Trial. The effects of temperature, breed type, diet types and their interactions on feed intake, digestibility, liveweight gain (LWG) and Water intake were examined in the Main trial. Eight Friesian (F) and eight Brahman x Friesian (BF) castrated male calves (6 months old) were allocated to be fed on the High ration (pellets ad lib, + 10% of the total feed dry matter as hay) and the Low ration (hay ad lib. + 10% of the total feed dry matter as pellets), and to be kept in a hot room (34.5°C, 45% RH) OR a cool room (16.9°C, 86% RH) for a period of 59 days. There were eight individual treatments, with two animals on each treatment. The calves in the hot room had a significantly lower dry matter intake (DMI), digestible energy intake (DEI) and LWG than those in the cool room. The calves fed on the High ration had a significantly higher DMI, DEI and LWG than those fed on the Low ration. BF calves had a significantly higher DMI, DEI and LWG than F calves when fed the High ration in both the hot and cool rooms, but the two breeds had very similar feed intakes and LWG when fed the Low ration. In the hot room, there was a slight but significant increase in dry matter and energy digestibilities, but not apparent nitrogen digestibility. The Water intake was significantly higher in the hot room than in the cool room. The water intake by BF calves fed the High ration was significantly higher than other treatments due to their higher DMI. The calves fed the High ration had a significantly higher water intake than those fed on the Low ration in the hot room and this was also mainly a reflection of the higher DMI by calves fed the High ration. 2. Radiant Heat Stress Trial. The effects of exposure to simulated sunshine on feed and water intakes were investigated in this trial. Six animals (4 BF, 2 F) from the hot rooms in the Main Trial were exposed to a radiant heat load for 8h daily during a period of two weeks, followed or preceded by a period of two weeks in the absence of a radiant heat load in a hot environment (30.0 - 33.1°C) and fed on a high roughage diet (500g pellets + hay ad lib. ). There was no significant reduction in DMI or increase in water intake when the calves were exposed to the radiant heat load in a hot environment. In both the Main and Radiant Heat Stress Trials, the rectal temperature as heat stress indicator did not correlate well with the DMI and LWG of BF and F calves under heat stress.