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Start date: 2020Subject: search.filters.subject.20th century

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    Not to exact a full look at the worst : (mis)representations of state-sanctioned violence in New Zealand poetry : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English at Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2025-11-26) McLean, Robert
    This thesis examines how local poetry written between the First World War and the early twenty-first century has represented state-sanctioned violence done in Aotearoa New Zealand and on the state’s behalf overseas. Although this period is marked by the emergence and consolidation of a distinct New Zealand literature and the New Zealand state’s deliberate involvement in major overseas conflicts, surprisingly few poems directly represent such violence. This thesis identifies and analyses poems written in English by Māori, Pacific, and Pākehā poets that do represent state-sanctioned violence: Donald H. Lea’s “Gold Stripe” from Stand Down! (1917); Allen Curnow’s Island and Time (1941); Kendrick Smithyman’s “Vignettes of the Māori Wars” from Flying to Palmerston (1968); Māori Battalion: A Poetic Sequence (2001) by Alistair Te Ariki Campbell; and Captain Cook in the Underworld (2002) by Robert Sullivan. I use a form of mimetic close reading to examine their sources, spatial and temporal renderings, attribution of agency, prosody and modes of representation, construal of legitimacy, and violence’s uses and effects. I determine how poetry’s conventions, licenses, limitations, and omissions have helped or hindered naming, understanding, and owning Aotearoa New Zealand’s state-sanctioned violence in these five poetic works. The evidence from this poetic archive testifies to a radical disjunction between state-sanctioned violence’s historical realities and how these examples of New Zealand poetry have represented of it. They have largely failed to give voice to what poet Geoffrey Hill called “the world’s real cries” by refusing to address directly the social, political, and legal sources of state-sanctioned violence’s meaningfulness and legitimisation.
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    Propaganda, profit, and remembrance : the role of postage and Cinderella stamps of New Zealand and Australia relating to the First World War : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2023-12-06) Dawson, Kenneth
    The representation and interpretation of the events of the First World War and its aftermath through Cinderella stamps, and definitive and commemorative postage stamps, offer an alternative approach to the study of First World War history. This thesis examines the role of such stamps from the perspective of New Zealand and Australia during the period 1914-2018. By studying these historic documents, as primary source material, much can be learned about fund raising for the war, the developing patterns of war remembrance and the post-war changes in the self-image of both countries. The specific approach adopted in this study was to pose three research questions in order to gain insight into the role of the various forms of stamps in providing direct information about matters relevant to or resulting from the First World War. Specifically addressed was the use of stamps for fundraising and propaganda purposes. A further question inquired as to whether postage stamps and Cinderella stamps play a part in war remembrance and especially at the time of the First World War Centenary between 2014 and 2018. Thirdly, did stamps reflected any changes in self-image and self-identity in the two countries over the one-hundred-year period from the onset of the war. The methodology employed involved a wide search for all the relevant postage and Cinderella stamps issued over the last one hundred years in New Zealand and Australia, and any Cinderella stamps that were known to have circulated in both countries during the study period. In addition, archival studies were carried out in both countries for material linking postage and Cinderella stamps to the First World War. Further investigations related to the origins and rationale for the release of the identified stamps. Cinderella stamps played an important role in the raising of funds for soldiers’ welfare during the First World War. New Zealand used postage stamps as a means of raising funds for the war effort, while Australia simply raised postal rates overall as a war tax. Cinderella stamps also played a role in the dissemination of propaganda, more so in Australia than New Zealand. Postage and Cinderella stamps can reflect societal change and have mirrored the developing self-images of New Zealand and Australia. Remembrance of the war by commemorative stamps was limited during the first seventy-five years following the war. Prior to and during the centenary of the First World War, there was a massive output of stamps directed at recalling the effects of the war on both societies and remembrance of the fallen.
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    The social construction of housing tenure in Aotearoa New Zealand, 1900 to 1990 : crisis, place, and the path to a dual tenure regime : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Geography at Massey University, Manawatū, Aotearoa New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2023) Ryland, Daniel Brian
    Over the 20th Century and beyond there have been repeated urban housing crises which have negatively impacted the welfare of many households. Discussions and solutions for these crises have centred on binaries of homeownership and renting or State versus market within a pre-determined housing trajectory. However, the academic housing literature has argued for a more nuanced view of tenure to engage with housing effectively. This thesis aims to contribute to this project by exploring Aotearoa New Zealand’s pathway toward a dual tenure regime. I explore tenure as a relational concept created by the intersection of economic, legal, and cultural dimensions in place and across time. Exploring tenure beyond broad categorisations emphasises the need to imagine it differently. I used document analysis drawing on Parliamentary debates, political cartoons, archival documents, newspapers, statistics, and community organisation reports. They were analysed with a social constructivist approach inspired by a critical realism lens to explore the interdependence of tenure, place, and housing crisis. A core feature is that housing crises necessitating solutions drive tenure change. To explore Aotearoa New Zealand’s pathway to a dual tenure regime, I focused on the social construction of tenure during three housing crises. I argue that Aotearoa New Zealand’s dual tenure regime valorising freehold ownership with an individual title over other tenure options took shape over the 20th Century. Housing policy and economic decisions in the first quarter of the century to deal with housing crises embedded freehold ownership with an individual title as the most desirable tenure and end point of a housing trajectory. These would be reinforced through later housing crises as the social construction of tenure created opportunities and constraints for housing. By 1990, tenures were understood through their relation to freehold with an individual title and how they fit within a pre-defined housing trajectory, limiting the ability to experiment with other tenure forms. The thesis concludes that tenure needs to be imagined holistically as a multiply-determined, dynamic, and relational concept intertwined with crises, and that the latter can highlight opportunities to imagine other tenures.