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Item Mental health conceptualisations and perspectives on mental health services of Black Sub-Saharan African migrants and refugees in Aotearoa New Zealand : a doctoral thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Clinical Psychology at Massey University, Manawatu Campus, New Zealand(Massey University, 2025-08-22) Musakwa, MichelleThe number of African migrants and refugees is increasing in Aotearoa-New Zealand (A-NZ). However, there is still limited understanding regarding the mental health experiences of Black Sub-Saharan Africans. Without adequate knowledge of the experiences of this population, it is difficult for mental health professionals to provide culturally appropriate services. As such, it is prudent to develop an understanding of the way this population conceptualises, experiences, and manages mental health and mental distress. This study explores how Black Sub-Saharan Africans in A-NZ conceptualise and manage mental health and their perspectives on mental health services in A-NZ. A qualitative approach was employed, with data collected through nine semi-structured individual interviews and two focus groups (each with four Black Sub-Saharan African women). Individual interview data were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis, highlighting the role of identity in mental health conceptualisation and the intergenerational and gender differences that exist. Focus group data were analysed through Reflexive Thematic Analysis and key themes identified included barriers to accessing services and participants’ preferences regarding mental health services. Overall, this study found that culture and identity play a critical role in how Black Sub-Saharan Africans perceive mental health. These factors also influence people's experiences with mental health services. Understanding the cultural nuances of Black Sub-Saharans in A-NZ can help mental health clinicians develop an ethos of engagement that promotes better quality of care.Item Family finds a way : experiences of multigenerational transnational new Chinese immigrant families in New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand(Massey University, 2021) Ran, GuanyuThe Immigration Act 1987 fundamentally transformed New Zealand’s immigration policy from one that was race-based to one based on economic needs of New Zealand society. It opened the borders to immigrants from much wider regions. As a result of this “open-door” immigration policy, a substantial new Chinese immigrant community from the People’s Republic of China (PRC) was established in New Zealand. Building a closely-tied multigenerational family is an important feature of family life for this immigrant group. Often, multiple generations live together or within close proximity with one another in highly interdependent relationships. However, a growing number have also started to maintain their family lives transnationally, with different family members across generations living apart but maintaining close ties, with frequent interactions across national borders. Given this transnational family arrangement is very different from Chinese traditional practices of family maintenance, the impact of this change on the wellbeing and functioning of these families and their individual family members is an issue of increasing academic interest. This thesis responds to these concerns and explores the relationship between people’s experiences of transnational migration and their multigenerational family dynamics. Through engaging with individual life stories and perspectives of 45 participants across generations from new PRC immigrant families living in New Zealand, this thesis seeks to understand how those families with closely-tied multiple generations cope with dislocation and relocation during the process of transnational migration. It also investigates how transnational migration experiences contribute to new emergent domestic dynamics, including the development of new strategies and practices to maintain family traditions, interests and coherence across national borders, as well as shifting intergenerational relationships. The empirical data demonstrates that despite the increasing proportion of new PRC families living transnationally, their experiences of managing family lives vary. I argue that this diversification of transnational family experiences is largely attributed to the interaction of various impact factors associated with both the internal dynamics of immigrant families themselves and external contexts where those families are closely related. My research also attests that family members’ transnational migration experiences accelerate changes to the way they perform family life, particularly amplifying intergenerational differences and altering intergenerational dependency. Even though those changes introduce vital challenges towards multigenerational family maintenance and coherence, my research reveals that families are resilient and able to actively forge multistranded resources as well as engage various transnational activities in response to those challenges. While this thesis poses intriguing perspectives and culturally-specific scenarios to study immigrant families in New Zealand society, more importantly, it also contributes to the broad theorisation of transnational family formation and maintenance in the increasingly globalised world.
