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Item Upholding integrity: The influence of executives’ backgrounds on corporate information environment(Elsevier B V, 2025-06) Hoang Vu N; Dang HV; Nguyen HT; Pham MHMotivated by the roles of corporate management in shaping corporate decisions and the importance of stock liquidity in financial markets, we examine whether trust in management influences the liquidity costs of the firm that they manage. Using manually collected propriety data from several datasets, this study documents that firms led by ex-military CEOs are associated with higher stock market liquidity than firms run by non-military CEOs. Military CEOs influence stock liquidity by improving their firms’ information environment and reducing performance volatility. Firms led by military CEOs have higher social capital, higher levels of voluntary disclosure, fewer stock price delays, and lower levels of informed trading. In addition, firms run by military CEOs have lower costs of capital and default risk. Overall, consistent with behavioral consistency theory, our findings highlight the importance of executives’ early-life experience in reducing information frictions, fostering trust, and improving secondary market quality. “I think of all the time I spent in the military and in law enforcement and the many times I saw someone do the right thing because it was the right thing to do. The essence of integrity is what you do in and of yourself — you must be true to yourself.” ---Patrick O'Toole, Director & Executive Vice President, HealthMarkets Insurance Agency.Item Compliance with kauri forest protection in New Zealand’s regional parks: the mediating role of trust on local versus visitor populations(Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature, 2024-09-19) Grant A; Lindsay N; Benson HRealising behavioural change in long invested environmental practices is often difficult to achieve, especially when scientific understanding of the issues is still unfolding. Having confidence in one’s action requires knowledge that actions will be effective in improving environmental outcomes. Currently, we know little about the role of social trust in mediating complex and uncertain knowledge of environmental problems and the required actions needed to address them. In this quantitative study, we surveyed 472 users of endangered kauri forests in New Zealand to better explore the role of trust in relation to pro-environmental behaviours (PEB) designed to mitigate effects of the devastating plant disease, kauri dieback. Findings show uncertainty about the scientific knowledge of the issue, recommended actions and efficacy of proposed solutions significantly influenced PEB for both residents and visitors of forests; however, this relationship was partially mediated by trust, particularly among locals residing within 5 km of infected forest areas. These findings indicate the need for closer engagement with local residents to develop institutional and scientific trust in kauri dieback interventions. We outline activities that may help build trust and recommend new areas of research to support higher compliance with environmental protection initiatives.Item Connecting Forecast and Warning: A Partnership Between Communicators and Scientists(Springer Nature Switzerland AG on behalf of the Met Office, 2022-06-21) Anderson CL; Rovins J; Johnston DM; Lang W; Golding B; Mills B; Kaltenberger R; Chasco J; Pagano TC; Middleham R; Nairn J; Golding BIn this chapter, we examine the ways that warning providers connect and collaborate with knowledge sources to produce effective warnings. We first look at the range of actors who produce warnings in the public and private sectors, the sources of information they draw on to comprehend the nature of the hazard, its impacts and the implications for those exposed and the process of drawing that information together to produce a warning. We consider the wide range of experts who connect hazard data with impact data to create tools for assessing the impacts of predicted hazards on people, buildings, infrastructure and business. Then we look at the diverse ways in which these tools need to take account of the way their outputs will feed into warnings and of the nature of partnerships that can facilitate this. The chapter includes examples of impact prediction in sport, health impacts of wildfires in Australia, a framework for impact prediction in New Zealand, and communication of impacts through social media in the UK.Item Transformational leadership and organizational citizenship behavior: new mediating roles for trustworthiness and trust in team leaders(Springer Nature, 2024-08-19) Lee MCC; Lin M-H; Srinivasan PM; Carr SCThis study investigates the pivotal role of trust in bridging the effects of transformational leadership on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). The study was conducted using a multilevel longitudinal approach with 276 employees in 71 teams from private medium-sized organizations in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Transformational leadership was found to be positively related to: (1) three facets of trustworthiness (ability, benevolence, and integrity); (2) trust in the leader; and (3) OCB. All three facets of trustworthiness mediated the relationship between transformational leadership and trust in leaders. In addition, trust in the leader mediated only the relationship between the benevolence facet of trustworthiness and OCB. As OCB is inherently benevolent, these findings not only are consistent with the principle of compatibility, but they also contribute to theorizing about ‘how’ trust plays an important role in the influence of transformational leadership on employees.Item Panic or peace - prioritising infant welfare when medicating feverish infants: a grounded theory study of adherence in a paediatric clinical trial(BioMed Central Ltd, 2022-04-11) Tan E; Hoare K; Riley J; Fernando K; Haskell L; McKinlay CJD; Dalziel SR; Braithwaite IBackground Literature on factors influencing medication adherence within paediatric clinical trials is sparse. The Paracetamol and Ibuprofen in the Primary Prevention of Asthma in Tamariki (PIPPA Tamariki) trial is an open-label, randomised controlled trial aiming to determine whether paracetamol treatment, compared with ibuprofen treatment, as required for fever and pain in the first year of life, increases the risk of asthma at age six years. To inform strategies for reducing trial medication crossovers, understanding factors influencing the observed ibuprofen-to-paracetamol crossovers (non-protocol adherence) is vital. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors influencing the decision-making process when administering or prescribing ibuprofen to infants that may contribute to the crossover events in the PIPPA Tamariki trial. Methods Constructivist grounded theory methods were employed. We conducted semi-structured interviews of caregivers of enrolled PIPPA Tamariki infants and healthcare professionals in various healthcare settings. Increasing theoretical sensitivity of the interviewers led to theoretical sampling of participants who could expand on the teams’ early constructed codes. Transcribed interviews were coded and analysed using the constant comparative method of concurrent data collection and analysis. Results Between September and December 2020, 20 participants (12 caregivers; 8 healthcare professionals) were interviewed. We constructed a grounded theory of prioritising infant welfare that represents a basic social process when caregivers and healthcare professionals medicate feverish infants. This process comprises three categories: historical, trusting relationships and being discerning; and is modified by one condition: being conflicted. Participants bring with them historical ideas. Trusting relationships with researchers, treating clinicians and family play a central role in enabling participants to challenge historical ideas and be discerning. Trial medication crossovers occur when participants become conflicted, and they revert to historical practices that feel familiar and safer. Conclusions We identified factors and a basic social process influencing ibuprofen use in infants and trial medication crossover events, which can inform strategies for promoting adherence in the PIPPA Tamariki trial. Future studies should explore the role of trusting relationships between researchers and treating clinicians when conducting research.Item Aotearoa New Zealand Public Responses to COVID-19(2020-07-17) Thaker J; Menon VThis report is based on findings from a national survey conducted by the School of Communication, Journalism & Marketing—Te Pou Aro Kōrero, Massey University and fielded by Qualtrics. Interview dates: June 26 to July 13, 2020, after New Zealand moved to Alert Level 1. Interviews: 1040 adults (18+). Average margin of error: +/- 3 percentage points at the 95% confidence level. The research was funded by the Massey University. Survey results show one in three New Zealanders impacted by job and income loss due to COVID-19 The findings of a recent nationally representative survey by Massey University reveals one in three New Zealanders or a member in their household lost income from a job or business or had their work hours reduced, as a result of COVID-19. The survey, Aotearoa New Zealand Public Responses to Covid-19, investigated how New Zealanders have been impacted by the global pandemic, including everything from job and income losses, depression, their attitudes towards immigration in a post-COVID-19 New Zealand and their response to Government actions. The Massey University-funded survey was led by two lecturers in the School of Communication, Journalism and Marketing, Drs. Jagadish Thaker and Vishnu Menon. “The purpose of this research was to find out how New Zealanders were coping with the lockdown and some of the flow on effects they are experiencing as a result,” says Dr. Thaker. More than 1000 people completed the survey during Alert Level 1. The findings showed Māori were twice or more likely to say they or a household member had lost a job (20 per cent compared to 11 per cent of New Zealand Europeans—a census category) while 34 per cent were unable to pay monthly bills, more than double New Zealand Europeans at 14 per cent. Almost half of respondents reported having trouble sleeping, experiencing depression, or were cut off from their social networks. A third of respondents also said they had lost money in retirement accounts or investment. Nine in ten New Zealanders think there will be more job losses in the next six months. One of the most surprising findings, the researchers say, was New Zealanders’ attitudes to immigration and tourists coming to the country. More than eight out of 10 New Zealanders strongly supported (88 per cent) stopping immigration from countries that have poorly managed their response to the virus, like the U.S. Meanwhile, seven out of 10 respondents supported reducing immigration and stopping tourists from China.Item Perceived risk, risk tolerance and trust in debt decisions : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Finance at Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand(Massey University, 2020) Phung, Trang Thai MinhThe perceived risk of stock investment, risk tolerance and trust play important roles in the stock market and in use of debt for stock investment, yet the relationship between these has received little attention. This thesis examines these direct and indirect relationships using three independent essays using structural equation modelling as the main technique. Vietnam is used as an illustrative example, as the use of informal borrowing is common. This thesis surveyed 420 Vietnamese individual investors and found the following results. Essay One finds that the perceived risk is positively associated with borrowing sources and the use of informal debt. Leverage risk and opportunity risk also directly relate to borrowing sources. Borrowing sources is positively related to perceived risk and debt decisions. Perceived risk is a mediator between borrowing sources and informal debt, and borrowing sources act as a mediator between perceived risk and debt decisions. The results of Essay Two show that risk tolerance has a direct relationship to the use of financial leverage, while investment horizons are related to the use of informal debt. Risk tolerance positively relates to the use of informal debt and mediates between investment horizons and debt decisions among stockbrokers. In Essay Three, the results reveal that there is a significantly positive relationship between trust in the stock market, and trading frequency and the use of informal debt. Trust in stockbrokers and brokerage firms are directly related to the use of informal debt. Trading frequency is also positively associated with trust in the stock market and the use of financial leverage. Trust is a mediator between trading frequency and informal debt, and trading frequency acts as a mediator between trust and financial leverage. Findings from this thesis will help provide useful insights into investors’ behaviour and its impact on debt decisions for stock investment amongst individual investors, users and non-users of informal and formal borrowing, stockbrokers and non-stockbrokers, male and female investors in the Vietnam stock market and other stock markets.Item Dimensionality, interconnectedness, and cross-national comparability : studies of the global trust in multinational representative samples : a thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology at Massey University, Albany campus, Aotearoa New Zealand.(Massey University, 2020) Zhang, JiqiTrust has been commonly portrayed as a desirable characteristic for both individuals and societies. However, debates around the conceptualisation of trust are still ongoing, as recent literature has challenged the conventional treatment of social and political trust as two unidimensional and separate constructs. It is believed that a simplistic conceptualisation and measurement of trust may overlook the multifaceted and interconnected nature of trust and potentially distort cross-national comparisons. This thesis investigates the dimensionality, interconnectedness, and cross-national comparability of trust using representative samples from a multinational online survey project. Study 1 demonstrated a conditional interconnection between social and political trust in the context of 11 democratic societies: different types of trust formed two clusters that centre around social and political trust, respectively, but they were interconnected through the specific links between trust in neutral (non-partisan) institutions on the one hand and trust in community on the other hand. Study 2 demonstrated a culturally and politically contingent view of the structure of trust through a confirmatory factor analysis of the Global Trust Inventory. In four East Asian societies, two different models of trust (China model and Democratic East Asian model) fit the data better than the model suitable for the 11 western democracies in Study 1 (Western model), probably due to differences in culture and political systems. Study 3 demonstrated that two sub-measures of the Global Trust Inventory, capturing two types of social trust, were metrically invariant across 18 culturally and politically heterogeneous societies and across a six-month time interval. Results of a cross-lagged panel analysis further suggested that there was a bidirectional link between trust in community and life satisfaction, but life satisfaction was longitudinally associated with trust in close relations, not vice versa. Overall, this thesis supports a multidimensional and conditionally interconnected view of trust and explores ways of dealing with measurement non-invariance in cross-national survey research.