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Start date: 2022Subject: search.filters.subject.ADHD

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    A Scoping Review of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Assessment and Diagnosis: Tools, Practices, and Sex Bias
    (Springer Nature, 2025-08-07) Crocker SL; Roemer A; Strohmaier S; Wang GY; Medvedev ON
    Objectives: Accurately diagnosing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is challenging due to the overlap of symptoms with other mental health conditions. This scoping review evaluated the dependability and accuracy of prevalent diagnostic scales and investigates potential obstacles to ADHD assessment diagnosis including potential sex bias. Method: Following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines, 11 widely used diagnostic scales were identified and included. All scales were evaluated based on their psychometric quality and alignment with DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Results: The Attention Deficit Disorders Evaluation Scale emerged as the most reliable among the 11 scales, with the Symptom Checklist-4 ranking as the least reliable. No single assessment tool was adequate for ADHD diagnosis; additional testing was required for accurate conclusions. The literature revealed sex and age biases in some of the assessments. It was discovered that girls were diagnosed with ADHD less often than boys, yet their likelihood of misdiagnosis was notably lower. Conclusions: This review emphasizes the necessity of comprehensive, multi-method assessment approaches for accurate ADHD diagnosis, as no single tool demonstrated sufficient diagnostic precision. Effective clinical assessment design must incorporate strong psychometric measures, address sex-based diagnostic disparities, and emphasize the importance of evaluating behavioural changes over time and their functional impact across settings.
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    Wearable multi-sensory design for adults with SPD : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Design at Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2022) Guieb, Tracey
    Our senses are extremely important in helping us understand and respond to environmental changes. Someone with Sensory Processing Disorder (SPD) may struggle to create appropriate responses to input through these sensory systems - leading to sensory overload or anxiety. There is limited support for adults living with SPD due to the misconception that only children experience it or that it is a condition that can be ‘grown out of' as you get older. Most sensory products in the market are targeted at children and are not suitable for individuals who may want to self-regulate discreetly. My thesis explores how wearable multi-sensory design in apparel can help adults with SPD cope in situations and environments that may cause them discomfort, stress, or anxiety in a way that is appealing and specific to their unique sensory challenges. Universal design strategies were implemented within an empathic and iterative design process. Secondary contextual research combined with expert consultancy, questionnaires, surveys, and wearer testing, identified specific user needs. Multiple design explorations responding to identified criteria and adult sensory profiles created a range of visually appealing, discreet, customisable sensory wear. This modular apparel range aids adults who experience SPD, as well as a much wider group of individuals who identify with associated sensory challenges.