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    Adopting augmented reality to avoid underground utilities strikes during excavation : a thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, School of Built Environment, College of Science, Massey University, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2025) Khorrami Shad, Hesam
    The construction industry constantly pursues innovative methods to improve safety, enhance productivity, and reduce costs and project durations. Augmented Reality (AR) is a promising technology, potentially bringing about transformative changes in construction. AR is a promising technology for visualizing data in construction sites and preventing clashes and accidents. One of its promising applications is in the excavation sector, where accidental strikes on underground utilities pose serious safety risks, delays, and costly damages. However, while AR has gained increasing attention in recent years, its integration into construction practice remains limited. To address this limitation, this research investigates the potential of AR to facilitate identifying underground utility locations through a systematic review, industry engagement, and user-centred experimentation. Initially, a systematic literature review was conducted to explore the current applications of AR in construction safety. This review identified the safety purposes of AR across three project phases: pre-event (e.g., training, safety inspections, hazard alerting, enhanced visualization), during-event (e.g., pinpointing hazards), and post-event (e.g., safety estimation). However, the review also revealed a notable lack of studies focused on AR applications in excavation activities, particularly for underground utility strike prevention. In response, a study was undertaken to understand the needs, expectations, and challenges associated with adopting AR in the excavation sector. 31 professionals from the excavation industry participated in the within-subject experiment, interacting with two AR prototypes, delivered via Optical See-Through (OST) and Video See-Through (VST) devices. The findings indicated a clear preference for AR over traditional methods such as paper-based drawings. Participants showed a preference for VST rather than OST, given their familiarity with VST devices such as tablets. Further, accessibility emerged as the primary barrier to adopting AR within the excavation industry. Building on the literature and industry insights, an experimental study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of different AR visualization methods in underground utility detection. A within-subject experiment involving 60 participants was conducted to compare four of the most cited visualization techniques for underground utilities: X-Ray, Shadow, Cross-Sectional, and a newly developed Combination method. Drawing on the Theory of Affordances and Task Load analysis, the study found that the Combination and X-Ray visualization methods perform superior to the Shadow. These results provide empirical support for the user-centered design of AR visualization techniques in excavation practice. This research contributes to the fields of human-computer interaction, construction safety, and digital technology adoption by advancing the use of AR for underground utility strike prevention. The study shifts the focus of AR from general safety training to real-time, spatial visualization for excavation, offering both theoretical insights and practical applications. Methodologically, it follows a structured mixed-methods approach, combining literature review, industry engagement, and experimental testing. Practically, it identifies user preferences, visualization methods, and key adoption factors such as usability and accessibility. Overall, this thesis fills the gap between emerging AR technologies and their integration into safer excavation practices.
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    Video see-through augmented reality fire safety training: A comparison with virtual reality and video training
    (Elsevier B.V., 2024-12-10) Domgue K LI; Paes D; Feng Z; Mander S; Datoussaid S; Descamps T; Rahouti A; Lovreglio R
    Safety training is crucial to mitigate the risk of damage when a disaster occurs and can play a vital role in enhancing community response. Augmented Reality (AR) is an emerging technology for safety training that holds great pedagogical potential. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of AR training in terms of knowledge acquisition and retention, as well as self-efficacy enhancement. We developed a new video see-through AR training tool on a tablet to teach users about operating a fire extinguisher to put out a fire following the PASS procedure: Pull, Aim, Squeeze, and Sweep (PASS). The AR training tool was tested with 60 participants. Test results were systematically compared with findings from the literature investigating Virtual Reality (VR) and video-based safety training. The findings indicate that, directly after the training, AR outperformed traditional video training in terms of knowledge retention, long-term self-efficacy, and quality of instructions. However, the AR experience was not as effective as the VR experience in all these areas, but the AR group had a smaller decrease in knowledge over time. These findings suggest that the AR-based training approach offers benefits in long-term memory recall.
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    Augmented reality applications in construction productivity: A systematic literature review
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2024-10) Xu Z; Feng Z; Babaeian Jelodar M; Guo BHW
    Augmented reality (AR) has been extensively researched for its applications in the construction industry. However, there is limited focus on its effects on productivity. This paper aims to bridge the gap by using a systematic literature review to investigate AR applications in the planning, design, and construction phases, focusing on their mechanisms for enhancing productivity. The paper classifies AR applications by their target construction tasks, features, and factors contributing to improved productivity. Additionally, it proposes a framework for prototyping AR applications and evaluating their effects on productivity. Key findings reveal several contributions: the need for further investigation of AR for positioning and hazard notification tasks; the utilisation of different augmentation methods, display tools, and tracking methods based on specific construction tasks; AR's positive impact on productivity in design review, discrepancy check, assembly, and hazard notification, while future research on evaluating productivity in progress management, planning simulation, and positioning.
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    State-of-the-art analysis of the integration of augmented reality with construction technologies to improve construction safety
    (Emerald Publishing, 16/11/2022) Khorrami Shad, H.; Tak Wing Yiu, K.; Lovreglio, Ruggiero; Feng, Zhenan
    Purpose – This paper aims to explore Augmented Reality (AR) applications in construction safety academic literature and propose possible improvements for future scholarly works. The paper explicitly focuses on AR integration with Construction 4.0 technologies as an effective solution to safety concerns in the construction industry. Design/methodology/approach – This study applied a systematic review approach. Three hundred and eighty-seven potentially relevant articles from databases were identified. Once filtering criteria were applied, 29 eligible papers where selected. The inclusion criteria were being directly associated with construction safety, focused on an AR application, and AR interactions associated with the Construction 4.0 technologies. Findings – This study investigated the structure of AR applications in construction safety. To this end, we studied the safety purposes of AR applications in construction safety: pre-event (intelligent operation, training, safety inspection, hazard alerting), during-event (pinpointing hazard), and post-event (safety estimation) applications. Then, the integration of AR with Construction 4.0 technologies was elaborated. The systematic review also revealed that the AR integration has contributed to developing several technical aspects of AR technology: display, tracking, and human-computer interaction. The study results indicate that AR integration with construction is effective in mitigating safety concerns; however, further research studies are required to support this statement. Originality/value – This study contributes to exploring applications and integrations of AR into construction safety in order to facilitate the leverage of this technology. This review can help encourage practitioners and researchers to conduct further academic investigations into AR application in construction safety.
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    [Viewfinders] : exploring travel film beyond the screen : Master of Design
    (Massey University, 2017) Rubery, Phillip
    Viewfinders is a design-led research project exploring emerging opportunities for i-docs (interactive documentary) and smartphone filmmaking. The i-doc serving as the practical component is part of a larger collaborative research project between Dr. Gerda Cammaer and Dr. Max Schleser, and focuses on defining new Creative Mobile Media Practices. Responding to recent developments in collaborative media, augmented reality, and computer vision technologies, a mobile web app is designed that proposes new active modes of viewing for the travel film genre. The Viewfinders app asks the question; what happens when a travel documentary can itself travel? Turning conventional AR on its head, Viewfinders does not seek to augment the live environment but rather positions the real world as the augmentation, harnessing ambient phenomena to augment the i-doc. To progress the narrative viewer-users are asked to explore their physical surroundings, with geolocation and computer vision algorithms interpreting evolving environmental factors to evoke corresponding sequences of travel footage. The non-linear narrative comprises a series of 60 second clips of peer-generated video that are re-ordered dynamically, with an aim of aligning experiential factors across both the viewer’s world and that of the documentary. Viewfinders has no play button. Taking its cues from the viewer’s own journey, the world is its play button.
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    An integrated robotic and virtual mirror therapy system for stroke rehabilitation : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2014) Emerson, Iain
    Stroke affects approximately 2% of the population, and with advances in modern technology, more patients are surviving the event and requiring rehabilitation, placing further demand on already stretched medical systems. Because of this, an emergent area of research has arisen, investigating the use of robotics as a means to aid in the rehabilitation of patients affected by stroke. Projects such as the MIT Manus have provided evidence of the efficacy of robotic rehabilitation for stroke patients, but further research is required to provide ongoing improvements to this approach. Further to this, mirror therapy, a treatment initially found to be useful in the treatment of phantom pain syndrome in amputees, has also shown promise in the rehabilitation of stroke, though further research into the mechanisms behind mirror therapy need further investigation. A novel prototype robotic rehabilitation system was developed to investigate the integration of these two emergent approaches to stroke rehabilitation as a more comprehensive approach to stroke rehabilitation. This system was developed around a small industrial robot, utilising motion capture and force feedback for control of the robot with a virtual mirror therapy system to provide visual stimulation for the patient. The operation of the prototype was verified, however further development is required to produce a system suitable for patient trials. Areas that require further investigation include the virtual mirror therapy system, and an improved approach to achieving real time operation of the system.
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    Augmented reality for pedestrian evacuation research: Promises and limitations
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2020-08) Lovreglio R; Kinateder M
    Evacuation effectively mitigates potential harm for building occupants in case of emergencies. Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR and AR) have emerged as research tools and means to enhance evacuation preparedness and effectiveness. Unlike VR, where users are immersed in computer-generated environments, the more novel AR technology allows users to experience digital content merged into the real world. Here, we review current (2020) relevant literature on AR as a tool to study and improve building evacuation triggered by a variety of disasters such as fires, earthquakes or tsunami. Further, we provide an overview of application goals, existing hardware and what evacuation stages can be influenced by AR applications. Finally, we discuss strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities (SWOT) of AR to study evacuation behaviour and for research purposes.