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    Ethephon, ethylene and abscission physiology of camellia : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Horticultural Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 1992) Woolf, Allan Brian
    Ethylene application to leaves and floral buds of Camellia resulted in abscission with a lag period, the duration of which was dependent on ethylene concentration and cultivar. During this period, cellulase activity doubled in leaf abscission zones, and when abscission commenced, activity increased more rapidly. However, no increase in cellulase activity was observed in floral bud abscission zones. Propylene application revealed that autocatalytic ethylene production increased in leaf abscission zones prior to and decreased after abscission. However, in the leaf blade, no change in endogenous ethylene production was measured, nor were any signs of leaf senescence observed. Application of(STS) completely inhibited leaf abscission and delayed and reduced floral bud abscission in response to applied ethylene. This pointed to a similar role for ethylene in both organs, but that the abscission process of floral buds occurred at a faster rate than that of leaves. Application of ethylene for differing durations to floral buds and leaves demonstrated that regardless of ethylene treatment duration, abscission ceased less than 24 hr after ethylene removal indicating that continuous ethylene exposure is required to promote abscission of Camellia organs. Measurement of abscission rate (time to 50% abscission) in response to a range of ethylene concentrations determined that floral buds were more sensitive (that is; responded more rapidly to lower ethylene concentrations) than leaves. Ethylene-sensitivity was i nfluenced by organ maturity. As floral buds mature d from initiation t o flower opening, the rate of ethylene-promoted abscission i ncreased, i ndicati ng g reater sensitivity. Leaves were most sensitive to ethylene directly after bud break and sensitivity decreased untiiU weeks after cessation of stem extension ; after this time, sensitivity did not change significantly over the next 3 years. Low temperatures reduced the ethylene-promoted abscission rate of both leaves and floral buds with an exponential relationship. Low temperatures increased the ethylene concentration required to saturate the abscission response. Endogenous ethylene production of Camellia leaves increased with higher temperatures and peaked at 20 to 25c. Measurement of abscission rate (time to 50% abscission) in response to a range of ethylene concentrations determined that floral buds were more sensitive (that is; responded more rapidly to lower ethylene concentrations) than leaves. Ethylene-sensitivity was influenced by organ maturity. As floral buds matured from initiation to flower opening, the rate of ethylene-promoted abscission increased, indicating greater sensitivity. Leaves were most sensitive to ethylene directly after bud break and sensitivity decreased until 12 weeks after cessation of stem extension; after this time, sensitivity did not change significantly over the next 3 years. Low temperatures reduced the ethylene-promoted abscission rate of both leaves and floral buds with an exponential relationship. Low temperatures increased the ethylene concentration required to saturate the abscission response. Endogenous ethylene production of Camellia leaves increased with higher temperatures and peaked at 20 to 25c. Since ethylene release from ethephon may be described in terms of concentration and duration of ethylene exposure, the effect of time, temperature , cultivar, organ type and organ maturity on organ abscission response to ethephon application could be explained in terms of the ethylene-promoted response. The level of ethylene- and ethephon-promoted abscission were explained in terms of the interaction of ethylene concentration and duration of exposure with organ type, organ maturity and temperature which determined the level of abscission response. Three mechanisms were important in determining the response to ethylene; ethylene-sensitivity, and rate of reaction and reversibility of the abscission process. The rate of the abscission process was determined by ethylene concentration, temperature, organ type and maturity. Since abscission was reversible in Camellia, the duration of exposure interacted with the abscission rate to determine the extent of abscission in response to ethylene or ethephon application. In conclusion , the greatly expanded understanding of the ethylene-promoted abscission process carried out in this study facilitates control (promotion or inhibition) of abscission in Camellia. This enhances the possibility for culture and transportation of high quality Camellia plants from New Zealand.
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    Studies of camellia flower blight (Ciborinia camelliae Kohn) : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Science (Plant Pathology) at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2004) Taylor, Christine Helen
    Camellias are popular ornamental plants and the most serious pathogen of this plant is camellia flower blight, caused by the fungal pathogen Ciborinia camelliae Kohn. Ascospores of this fungus attack the flowers, turning them brown, rendering infected flowers unattractive. Little is known about the pathogen and control measures are not particularly effective. In this thesis, various aspects of the pathogen's basic and molecular biology and interaction with host species were studied. Surveys of the distribution and spread of C. camelliae within New Zealand determined that the pathogen was present in most regions of the North Island, and north and east coasts of the South Island. Over the distances and time involved, it appeared that the disease was spreading mainly by windborne ascospores rather than human transfer. Sclerotia were germinated out of season to increase the period during which ascospores were available for infection work. Greatest germination was achieved at low temperatures (5°C-10°C) in 24 h darkness. Isolate-specific primers were designed to the ribosomal DNA Internal Transcribed Spacer region to detect the pathogen in planta and distinguish between New Zealand isolates of C. camelliae and other fungal pathogens. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS region with other Ciborinia, Sclerotinia and Botrytis species showed that C. camelliae was more closely related to S. sclerotiorum than other Ciborinia species. Two inoculation techniques for infecting Camellia petals with ascospores of C. camelliae were developed and tested. Inoculation using airborne ascospores in a settling chamber was a simple and quick method for testing large numbers of species for resistance. Inoculation of ascospores in suspension produced qualitative data, but was more time consuming. Of the four mechanisms of resistance tested, levels of aluminium hyperaccumulation and the presence of phenolic compounds did not correlate with resistance in Camellia species. The large uptake of aluminium, however, did indicate that Camellia species would be good plants for phytoremediation of acid soils. Some resistant species were found to have cell wall modifications and/or lignification of cell walls in response to C. camelliae infection and chitinase activity was found in most resistant Camellia species tested. Further research into these latter two mechanisms is recommended and indicates that the development of resistant Camellia cultivars is possible.