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    Legal sourcing of ten cannabis products in the Canadian cannabis market, 2019-2021: a repeat cross-sectional study.
    (BioMed Central Ltd, 2023-02-17) Wadsworth E; Rynard V; Driezen P; Freeman TP; Rychert M; Wilkins C; Hall W; Gabrys R; Hammond D
    BACKGROUND: One of the objectives of cannabis legalization in Canada is to transition consumers from the illegal to the legal market. Little is known about how legal sourcing varies across different cannabis product types, provinces, and frequency of cannabis use. METHODS: Data were analyzed from Canadian respondents in the International Cannabis Policy Study, a repeat cross-sectional survey conducted annually from 2019 to 2021. Respondents were 15,311 past 12-month cannabis consumers of legal age to purchase cannabis. Weighted logistic regression models estimated the association between legal sourcing ("all"/ "some"/ "none") of ten cannabis product types, province, and frequency of cannabis use over time. RESULTS: The percentage of consumers who sourced "all" their cannabis products from legal sources in the past 12 months varied by product type, ranging from 49% of solid concentrate consumers to 82% of cannabis drink consumers in 2021. The percentage of consumers sourcing "all" their respective products legally was greater in 2021 than 2020 across all products. Legal sourcing varied by frequency of use: weekly or more frequent consumers were more likely to source "some" (versus "none") of their products legally versus less frequent consumers. Legal sourcing also varied by province, with a lower likelihood of legal sourcing in Québec of products whose legal sale was restricted (e.g., edibles). CONCLUSION: Legal sourcing increased over time, demonstrating progress in the transition to the legal market for all products in the first three years of legalization in Canada. Legal sourcing was highest for drinks and oils and lowest for solid concentrates and hash.
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    Comparative defence planning : lessons for New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (Defence and Strategic Studies) at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2013) Davie, Malcolm
    The intent of this thesis is to identify ways in which defence planning can be improved in New Zealand. In order to do so, research examines practical examples of Capability Based Planning (CBP) amongst members of the Technical Co-operation Program (TTCP) - New Zealand, Australia, Canada, United Kingdom and United States. This approach has also been applied to defence planning processes in Singapore and Finland. As part of this, the TTCP’s CBP model provides an essential comparative template and in doing so, the methodology employed is essentially that of a comparative case study. This thesis has identified a number of positives and negatives amongst the research group. However, four particularly important findings have emerged. Firstly, New Zealand must find ways to better integrate technological change into capability decision making processes and across the capability life cycle. Secondly, external expertise is now widely employed by defence policy makers and this should be integrated into defence planning structures in this country. Thirdly, quantitative approaches to defence capability development offer significant potential and are well developed in partner states. This may provide a means by which to extend New Zealand’s own capabilities in this regard. Lastly, examples of defence planning in Singapore and Finland suggest that a hybrid model based on CBP but adapted to the realities of a state’s unique strategic culture, can work in a practical context. This flexibility of use means CBP continues to offer significant utility to defence planners in New Zealand as well as an evolutionary foundation upon which to base future defence capability development.
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    Telehealth practice in eight countries : New Zealand, Australia, the USA, Canada, UK, Malaysia, China and India : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements of degree of Master in Information Science at Massey University, Albany campus, Auckland, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2012) Altharthi, Mansour Saeed
    This research examines the telehealth adoptions and developments in eight selected countries: New Zealand, Australia, the United States, Canada, UK, Malaysia, China and India. An array of methods has been employed into this research, such as PEST, SWOT, and CSF analysis. Each country has been studied individually and then all eight countries have been discussed together through comparisons from various perspectives. Thereafter, the conclusions summarize the key findings and then some recommendations are offered. The studied countries all have certain needs of telehealth; however, these needs vary due to every country’s particular conditions of demographic features, economic development, social and cultural diversity. The development of telehealth in these countries heavily depends on the countries’ healthcare system, countries’ priorities of healthcare needs, decision makers’ vision in telehealth; as well as the development of telecommunication networks and the training level of end users. It is believed that telehealth will help to improve the healthcare service in all of the eight countries. Through the comparison and discussion, the eight countries are found to share some points in common, which can be highlighted as general CSFs: standardization, legislation and regulation, business modelling and program evaluation, financial constraints, and need of more trained professionals into telehealth. While giving some recommendations to each country’s development of telehealth, this thesis also suggested that future development of telehealth may have three priorities: further and continuous improving design and research in technical perspective, re-examination of the current healthcare system thus adjust it to suit telehealth development, and staying with an international perspective. This topic is suggested for further research, with particular interest in extending to some country/region with very small territory and high population density.
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    A study of the career pathways of Canadian young adults during the decade after secondary school graduation : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Social Work and Social Policy at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2011) Campbell, Catherine Grace
    This study examined the career pathways taken by 47 young adults in Canada after they graduated from secondary school. Based on a grounded theory analysis, this thesis explored the way young adults made career decisions and how their resources (individual, family, social and environmental) and the messages that they heard from significant others influenced their career pathways. The majority of the young people in this study either did not know what they wanted to do when they graduated from secondary school or subsequently changed their minds. Most engaged in a process of identity exploration through experimentation with tertiary programmes and different types of work as they tried to ascertain what constituted satisfying work. As participants experimented with different career pathways, they obtained a better sense of who they were and what types of work they found satisfying. Findings indicated that participants engaged in a process of finding a career-related place, an activity that superficially involved selecting a career pathway but more substantively meant a search for identity and life purpose. Finding a career-related place was achieved through the interchangeable use of five strategies: navigating, exploring, drifting, settling, and committing. These strategies emerged as a host of internal and external factors impinged on a young person’s simultaneous search for a career and the identity that could potentially come with it. This contingent nature of finding a career-related place stood in sharp contrast to the discourse of what is referred to in this thesis as the “career myth”. This discourse related to the belief that young people should follow a linear, predictable route from secondary school to tertiary training, and then on to a permanent, full-time job. Based on these findings, an argument is made that developmental and chaos-oriented approaches to career development should be moved into the foreground when professionals assist young people in the immediate years after secondary school graduation. Accordingly, the trait and factor ethos, which continues to dominate the career counselling field, should be deemphasised. Six career design principles are identified that provide guidelines for how young people can engage in the process of finding a career-related place in a way that is proactive while at the same time accepting that career pathways and the identities that follow may be uncertain.
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    Identity, culture and power : towards frameworks for self determination of communities at the margins : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Massey University Albany, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2001) Williams, Katharine Anne Lewis
    The thesis inquires into how communities at the economic and cultural margins can become self-determining, increasing control over health and well-being. Community development as a method of agency in Aotearoa/New Zealand and Canada is investigated. The inquiry has been precipitated by a number of factors, all of which remain salient features in shaping contemporary conditions in both countries. Among these are increased inequities in wealth and health status between population groups in both countries that have accompanied globalising processes. The economic and cultural dominance of particular sectors in these societies means that public policies often fail to reflect the needs, aspirations and cultural systems of marginalised communities. In engaging with these issues, public health discourse in both countries proposes community development as a key strategy whereby disadvantaged communities might address their needs, thus realising increased levels of health and well-being. However in both countries community development remains under theorised, and the potentialities of some communities unrealised. The research is based upon the traditions of participatory and action research methodologies, within which a variety of qualitative methods are drawn on. The fieldwork was conducted with members of marginalised communities (predominantly low-income, migrant women) participating in community development projects and community developers working with these initiatives. The New Zealand component formed the initial and most substantive part of the investigation, after which these findings were tested in Canada. The results suggest that 'identity' and 'culture' are key elements within agency dynamics, their significance partially associated with and increased by globalising processes. Analysis of the findings reveal 'power-culture' dynamics (the various combinations of power and culture that are operative within any context) to play a central role in constituting agency relations. The critical post-modern conceptualisation of power theorised, views power-culture relations to be unstable and changing at the interpersonal and community levels of relating. Structural forms of power progressively influence power-culture relations as transitions to institutional contexts are made. The research findings have important implications for community development and public health practice within both countries. A 'power-culture' approach to community development is explicated that conceptualises a number of practice frameworks for those undertaking community development. These are articulated from three perspective: (1) community development methodology as practiced by communities, (2) organisational capacity to undertake development work with communities, and (3) practice issues for community developers.
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    "You've got to look after yourself, to be able to look after them" a qualitative study of the unmet needs of caregivers of community based primary health care patients.
    (BioMed Central Limited, 12/11/2018) Kuluski K; Peckham A; Gill A; Arneja J; Morton-Chang F; Parsons J; Wong-Cornall C; McKillop A; Upshur REG; Sheridan N
    BACKGROUND: There is growing reliance on unpaid caregivers to provide support to people with care needs. Integrated care approaches that aim to coordinate primary care with community care known as community based primary health care (CBPHC) has been a key policy initiative across health systems; however most attention has been paid to the needs of patients and not caregivers. The objective of this paper was to explore the unmet needs of caregivers of older adults with complex care needs receiving CBPHC. METHODS: This qualitative descriptive study entailed one-to-one interviews with 80 caregivers from Canada and New Zealand where roles, experiences and needs were explored. Interview text related to unmet need was reviewed inductively and core themes identified. RESULTS: Three themes were identified across CBPHC sites: unrecognized role; lack of personal resources; and no breaks even when services are in place. CONCLUSIONS: To support caregivers, models of care such as CBPHC need to look beyond the patient to meaningfully engage caregivers, address their needs and recognize the insight they hold. This knowledge needs to be valued as a key source of evidence to inform developments in health and social care.