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Item Alcohol taxes' contribution to prices in high and middle-income countries: Data from the International Alcohol Control Study(John Wiley and Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Australasian Professional Society on Alcohol and other Drugs, 2018-08) Wall M; Casswell S; Callinan S; Chaiyasong S; Viet Cuong P; Gray-Phillip G; Parry CDHINTRODUCTION: Taxation is increasingly being used as an effective means of influencing behaviour in relation to harmful products. In this paper we use data from six participating countries of the International Alcohol Control Study to examine and evaluate their comparative prices and tax regimes. METHODS: We calculate taxes and prices for three high-income and three middle-income countries. The data are drawn from the International Alcohol Control survey and from the Alcohol Environment Protocol. Tax systems are described and then the rates of tax on key products presented. Comparisons are made using the Purchasing Power Parity rates. The price and purchase data from each country's International Alcohol Control survey is then used to calculate the mean percentage of retail price paid in tax weighted by actual consumption. RESULTS: Both ad valorem and specific per unit of alcohol taxation systems are represented among the six countries. The prices differ widely between countries even though presented in terms of Purchasing Power Parity. The percentage of tax in the final price also varies widely but is much lower than the 75% set by the World Health Organization as a goal for tobacco tax. CONCLUSION: There is considerable variation in tax systems and prices across countries. There is scope to increase taxation and this analysis provides comparable data, including the percentage of tax in final price, from some middle and high-income countries for consideration in policy discussion.Item Support for alcohol policies among drinkers in Mongolia, New Zealand, Peru, South Africa, St Kitts and Nevis, Thailand and Vietnam: Data from the International Alcohol Control Study(Wiley, 2018-08) Parry CDH; Londani M; Enkhtuya P; Huckle T; Piazza M; Gray-Phillip G; Chaiyasong S; Viet Cuong P; Casswell SIntroduction and Aims A 2010 World Health Assembly resolution called on member states to intensify efforts to address alcohol-related harm. Progress has been slow. This study aims to determine the magnitude of public support for 12 alcohol policies and whether it differs by country, demographic factors and drinking risk (volume consumed). Design and Methods Data are drawn from seven countries participating in the International Alcohol Control Study which used country-specific sampling methods designed to obtain random, representative samples. The weighted total sample comprised 11 494 drinkers aged 16–65 years. Results Drinking risk was substantial (24% ‘increased’ risk and 16% ‘high’ risk) and was particularly high in South Africa. Support varied by alcohol policy, ranging from 12% to 96%, but was above 50% for 79% of the possible country/policy combinations. Across countries, policy support was generally higher for policies addressing drink driving and increasing the alcohol purchase age. There was less support for policies increasing the price of alcohol, especially when funds were not earmarked. Policy support differed by country, and was generally higher in the five middle-income countries than in New Zealand. It also differed by age, gender, education, quantity/frequency of drinking, risk category and country income level. Discussion and Conclusions We found a trend in policy support, generally being highest in the low–middle-income countries, followed by high–middle-income countries and then high-income countries. Support from drinkers for a range of alcohol policies is extensive across all countries and could be used as a catalyst for further policy action.Item From colonial past to New Zealand classroom : the biographical narrative of Will Potter, commercial secondary school teacher (1958-1976) : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education at Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand(Massey University, 2018) Burne, Jacqueline MoniqueThis thesis tells the teaching story of one post-primary Commerce teacher, Will Potter—my father. Will taught in five New Zealand post-primary schools from 1958 until his retirement in 1976. This case study of Will looks at what makes his story unique: he was an immigrant of Dutch descent, whose first language was not English and who came to teaching without qualifications at age 51, and went on to write Commerce textbooks. He also began teaching at a significant time in New Zealand post-primary education—the 1950s, with rising school rolls and lack of teachers and facilities. This qualitative study of Will involved document analysis of his memoir, letters, and papers, a focus group discussion with Will’s three other children, and semi-structured interviews with people who taught with or were taught by Will. Four research questions guided the study, and sociocultural–historical theory was used as a framework to reveal the complexity of his personal, interpersonal, and wider contextual teaching story. Two major backdrop influences are revealed about Will’s life: his colonial background in what was the Netherlands East Indies (NEI; now Indonesia) and his internment in Japanese concentration camps during World War II (WWII). Reasons are provided for his decision to go teaching, and his pedagogical approaches are described. Of particular note is his storytelling, mainly of his internment experiences. He wrote eleven Commerce textbooks that were used in New Zealand post-primary and tertiary settings, as well as overseas. This story will add to the store of New Zealand teacher stories as well as contribute to the social history of the Dutch who were forced to leave the NEI post WWII.Item Te kura i Awarua : understanding, valuing and practising tikanga in Māori businesses and organisations : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Business, School of Management, Massey Business School, Massey University(Massey University, 2017) Tinirau, Rāwiri StephenOver the last three decades, there has been a heightened awareness and interest in tikanga in various sectors and industries, including business. There is currently some debate on the relevance and value of tikanga in Māori businesses and organisations, and this study contributes to this debate through an analysis of literature and case studies involving discussions with those connected to Māori businesses and organisations in a local, national and international context. The overarching research aim is: How is tikanga understood, valued and practised in Māori businesses and organisations? The study draws on multiple worldviews, as well as various methodologies and research methods, underpinned by values such as: whakapapa; ahi kā; tikanga-a-whānau, a hapū; tiakitanga; te ara whanaunga; manaaki tangata; and hāpainga mahi. The study also sources inspiration from a body of literature rarely reviewed in studies of business and management (traditional waiata), as well as the views of kuia and koroheke of Ngāti Ruaka/Ngāti Hine, Whanganui River. A literature review was also conducted on tikanga generally, and tikanga in Māori businesses and organisations specifically. All five case studies were able to articulate their understandings of tikanga, as well as cite examples of tikanga, the issues that prevent some from implementing tikanga to a greater degree, and the strategies used by them to introduce, induct, and infiltrate tikanga within their respective contexts. All five case studies were able to practise tikanga at various levels, and to varying degrees, within their organisations. It is clear, therefore, that tikanga is relevant, respected, practised and contested today in Māori organisational and business settings, as it was in traditional and post-contact times. Māori values and practices reflect customary notions and understandings, but are applied in contemporary times, places and spaces. Future implications that this study gives rise to include the development of a deeper understanding of tikanga in business; differentiating between tikanga, and kaupapa or kawa; acknowledging the fluidity of tikanga; and appropriate and consistent application of tikanga. Tikanga are protocols that inform a way of life, and as such, are informed by worldviews of those involved in Māori organisations, as well as kaupapa or kawa. A simple, conceptual framework has been created to assist with understanding the various elements that influence tikanga, as it is understood, valued and practised in Māori businesses and organisations.Item Trading in traditions : New Zealand's exports to the countries of the European Union, 1960 to 2000 : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History at Massey University(Massey University, 2004) Davenport, CarolNew Zealand has always been a nation strongly reliant on international trading. From the mid-nineteenth century wool was a major export commodity and with the advent of refrigeration in the 1880s sheepmeat and dairy products, especially butter,gained prominence. These three commodity types became the export staples of New Zealand, and remained so in 1960. Britain, in turn, was clearly the most prominent importer of these products. New Zealand exports of wool, sheepmeat and dairy products to Britain therefore became imbedded as the 'traditional' pattern of trade. An interest in how these traditions survived to the end of the twentieth century was the stimulus for this thesis, which is an historical investigation into New Zealand's recent export trade with the countries of today's European Union. Agreements made between New Zealand and Britain in the first half of the twentieth century consolidated what had been established since 1890 as a regular pattern of trade. The 1932 Ottawa Agreement gave New Zealand free and preferred access over non-Commonwealth countries for its agricultural products into Britain. 1 1. A comprehensive outline of New Zealand's trading history over this period can be found in, Muriel F. Lloyd Prichard, An Economic History of New Zealand to 1939, Auckland: Collins, 1970. The relationship was further tightened in the bulk purchase agreements of World War II. In the post-war period the trading relationship between New Zealand and Britain remained very close and interdependent.Item An analysis of the factors influencing New Zealand's trade with China, 1954 to 1984 : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Economics at Massey University(Massey University, 2004) Grant-Fargie, HamishAnalysis of the Factors Influencing New Zealand's Trade with China- 1954 to 1984" In 2004 China became New Zealand's fourth largest trading partner taking approximately 5% of New Zealand's exports and 8% of New Zealand's imports. This study analyses the economic and political background to the rise of China as a pivotal trading partner for New Zealand. The nature and pattern of New Zealand-China trade between 1954 and 1984 is examined with emphasis given to factors that have assisted or hindered bi-lateral trade. Political factors are identified as the paramount influence on trade development and lead to the demarcation of three distinct periods of trading activity. Market forces, trade barriers, and transport issues are the other factors found to have influenced the pattern of trade between New Zealand and China over the subject period.Item Transition to an open economy : an analysis of Vietnam's export performance 1986 - 2000 : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Studies in Economics at Massey University(Massey University, 2002) Thu, To MinhExternal reform is a large component of Vietnam's overall transition to a market-based economy which officially started in 1986. This study analytically and empirically examines Vietnam's export performance from 1986 to 2000. The spectacular growth in both exports and imports and significant changes in Vietnam's export composition and market structure since 1986 are delineated. Exports, as a demand source, are found to contribute an increasing part of the overall output growth. Vietnam's changing Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) indicates a move toward manufactured exports. Increased diversification is apparent within Vietnam's export destinations, but less diversification is evident in its export composition. A Constant-Market-Share (CMS) analysis of the sources of non-oil export growth over the period 1985-1999 shows that Vietnam's exports concentrated on commodities with import demands growing more slowly than the average of all commodities. From 1985 to 1995, Vietnam's exports benefited from increasing penetration into relatively fast growing Asian markets, but the Asian crisis of 1999 effectively derailed Vietnam's export expansion. Inability to adapt export composition and market structure to changes in world conditions affected Vietnam's increasing share in world exports. Vietnam's increased competitiveness, as reflected in the micro-share effects, is found to be the key to observed export growth, representing 118 percent of the total gain in market share from 1985 to 1999. The study further tested observed composition of manufactured exports to three selected groups of Vietnam's trading partners - the world, the OECD and the Asian developing countries - in the light of the Ricardian and the Heckscher-Ohlin theories. Empirical results provide no evidence that manufactured exports to any of these three groups of trading partners is positively correlated with labour productivity. The Heckscher-Ohlin contention that Vietnam should export relatively labour-intensive goods is supported by the pattern of Vietnam's manufactured exports to the OECD and the world, but not confirmed by its pattern of manufactured exports to the Asian developing countries.Item International investment : its principles and application to New Zealand companies investing in Thailand : a research report presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Business Administration at Massey University(Massey University, 1985) Oakes, Lesley J1.1 Overview of the problem The future of the New Zealand economy lies in expanding its markets and investments overseas. With an annual population growth rate of only 1.5% and a current market size of only 3.3 million people, the potential for domestic economic expansion is not encouraging. The decision to consider a foreign market often stems from the fact that the home market is too limited to attain a sales volume with a sufficiently attractive yield (OECD, International Investment, 1983). The Minister of Overseas Trade in the present government administration stated that the only way New Zealand will increase employment and revenue is through exports... that is where the recovery of the economy lies (National Business Review, 15 Apr 85) The signing of the Closer Economic Relations (CER) agreement with Australia in April 1982, dismantling many of the protective barriers precluding the free flow of trade between the two countries, was a step in the right direction in providing market opportunities for New Zealand companies. Many domestic industries are entering the mature stage of their life cycles, characterised by stagnant demand. This together with a general contraction of the market, necessitates that the future growth of these industries rests on the exploitation of offshore markets.Item A computable general equilibrium analysis of the expansion of the closer economic relations preferential trading agreement : economic implications for New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Economics at the Department of Applied and International Economics, Massey University(Massey University, 2000) Ballingall, John StaceyIn recent years, many nations have shifted their trade policy focus away from multilateral efforts to reduce trade barriers, and have instead moved towards regional preferential trading arrangements. New Zealand is one such nation. As well as pursuing trade liberalisation on a global basis via the World Trade Organisation and its predecessor the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, New Zealand entered a bilateral arrangement with Australia - the Closer Economic Relations (CER) trade agreement - and has recently looked to expand this agreement. Singapore, Chile and the United States have all been suggested as potential members of an expanded CER. This study provides a quantitative economic analysis of the expansion of the CER, focusing on the implications for New Zealand. The GTAP computable general equilibrium model, using the GTAP version 4 database, is employed. After aggregating the database to seventeen sectors and fourteen regions, policy shocks representing the removal of tariffs between the potential members of the expanded CER preferential trading agreement are carried out. Four possible scenarios of potential members of the preferential trading arrangement are examined. Two liberalisation strategies are considered. First, tariffs are completely removed on all sectors except for six agricultural sectors. Second, tariffs are removed in all sectors, and export subsidies in the agricultural sectors are also eliminated. The results show that an expanded CER agreement would increase global welfare by up to US$432 million. These welfare gains accrue mainly to the United States and Singapore. New Zealand, Australia, and Chile all suffer non-trivial welfare losses. New Zealand's loss is attributable largely to a deterioration in its terms of trade, caused by falling export prices, particularly in the agricultural sectors. New Zealand also suffers decreased economic growth and a worsening trade balance. This clearly indicates that New Zealand should be careful when considering its future trade policy direction, and that it may need to re-evaluate its attitude towards regional trade agreements.Item The exporting behaviour of manufacturing firms : a thesis ... for the degree of Master of Arts in Geography at Massey University(Massey University, 1979) Addis, Ngaire MargaretIncreasing emphasis has been placed on the need for manufactured exports to make a more important contribution to the New Zealand economy, due to declining demand for agricultural produce and a growing balance of trade deficit. The New Zealand government, over the past twenty years, has introduced a variety of export incentives to encourage manufacturing firms to export. The aim of this thesis is to examine what happens to manufacturing firms when they expand their operations to international markets. The adoption of the export function has implications for growth and survival of firms, especially for small firms which predominate in the New Zealand manufacturing sector. Firms can be classified according to their different stages of organisational growth. Thresholds must be overcome if a firm is to develop and expand its operation space. The stages theory of firm growth is analogous to the stages theory of exporting behaviour - a firm increases its international orientation and foreign market commitment in incremental stages as it acquires knowledge and experience in the exporting field. Discussion centres on describing the actual exporting activity of manufacturers at a macro level. This discussion then provides a platform for analysing the exporting behaviour within the individual firms and finally leads to an examination of how exporting firms have contributed to the peripheral urban economies to which they belong.