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    Landscape gradients in Sphagnum peatlands: Nutrients, trace elements and diversity of free-living mites (Arthropoda: Acari) along a 1600 km transect on the West Siberian Plain
    (Elsevier B.V., 2024-09-24) Minor MA; Sheykin SD; Stolbov VA; Ermilov SG; Joharchi O; Afonin AS; Shvartseva OS; Tolstikov AV
    The West Siberian Plain holds special ecological significance as the largest peatland region of the world, which is expected to be affected by the climate change. We analysed water chemistry, chemical composition of Sphagnum tissues (total C, total N, K, P, and a range of trace elements) and biodiversity (abundance, species richness, community composition) of free-living mites (Oribatida and Mesostigmata) in twelve Sphagnum peatlands along the 1600 km transect (54°46′N to 67°29′N) on the West Siberian Plain. Mites were classified into two functional groups – “limnic” (Oribatida species which inhabit aquatic habitats), and “terrestrial” (all other species). The results showed a latitudinal productivity gradient, with a consistent increase in nutrient content of Sphagnum and water pH from North to South; the northern-most site had lowest N and highest C:N ratio, indicating potential N limitation. There was an increase in levels of Cr, Zn, Ni and Sr in the Sphagnum tissues in proportion to the abundance of lithophile Ti on the southern end of the transect; however, in absolute terms, the concentrations of these elements were low. The abundance patterns of terrestrial and limnic mites reflected increasing nutrient load in Sphagnum bogs from North to South, as well as increasingly xeric conditions. Latitude and nutrients (P and C:N ratio) together explained 67.2 % variability in community composition of Oribatida and Mesostigmata. We found no effect of latitude or productivity on species richness; the main driver for species richness appeared to be the local micro-topography, with dryer areas colonised by a wider range of species. Our data help to elucidate landscape-scale patterns of productivity and biodiversity in West Siberian peatlands and provide a checkpoint in the timeline of global change. As sensitive intrazonal ecosystems, peatlands can act as useful early warning systems, offering insights about the effects of human activities on a large scale.
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    Community formation and protectionism in Auckland's intensification process : exploring opportunities and complexities of high(er)-density planning in a low-density city : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Health, Massey University, Aotearoa New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2018) Dolan, Edward Charles
    A rapid population increase due to increasing migration, escalating house prices and supply issues have led to a ‘housing crisis’ in Auckland. These challenges, in addition to efforts to curb suburban sprawl and improve community outcomes, have made intensification a priority for Auckland Council. However, intensification creates tension between stakeholders, not only in relation to the end-product which some consider unsatisfactory or discordant in existing low-density neighbourhoods, but because of perceived shortcomings in the process as well. As this process gains momentum, traditional ideas about community are being challenged, reimagined and protected. This thesis reports on a longitudinal interview and focus-group based study, and examines how intensification and community formation processes are experienced and interpreted by a range of stakeholders including new and existing residents, developers, Auckland Council and community interest groups. It also examines challenges in the intensification process, especially related to place-attachment and place-protectionism amongst existing communities in response to proposed or planned change. This research interprets phenomena through social, spatial and temporal lenses, of which each is given equal weighting, and is consistent with social constructionism which recognises multiple ‘knowledges’ and ‘truths’. Findings reveal a diversity of views regarding community, both at a conceptual level and as an outcome which is derived from specific processes and influences. Representing either a group of people bound by commonality, a personal feeling of belonging, or a resource providing members with benefits, notions of community and community outcomes are increasingly important to stakeholders in Auckland’s intensification process. However, institutional distrust in the planning process poses a threat to achieving successful community outcomes, with schisms and tensions evident between stakeholders. While a degree of conflict is inevitable in a democratic system, findings suggest that intensification will be more successful, both in terms of outputs and public acceptance, if institutional distrust (where it exists) is replaced by forms of critical trust in the planning system as well as in the stakeholders operating within it.