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    Shifting the focus from gender diversity and inclusion to belonging and gender equity in Aotearoa New Zealand community football organisations : how did we get here and where are we going? : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Management at Massey University, Manawatū, Aotearoa New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2023) Shanks, Alida
    Gender equity in community football organisations remains elusive despite national and international moves to address this through legislation, reports, and strategies focusing on gender diversity and inclusion. This research demonstrates that we are in the position we are today because in their attempts to promote gender equity, national sports organisations and Sport NZ (in its current and previous incarnations) have essentially placed all their emphasis on devising and implementing policy. This approach has produced, at best, symbolic equality. While we have seen some progress in this space, there is much more to do for a sustained change in attitudes and behaviour towards gender diversity and inclusion to achieve gender equity within community sports organisations. Historically, this research shows that legislation and policies are a fairly blunt instrument for changing behaviour, because while they are important statements of what governments and organisations believe, this has not translated into practice. This research provides a historical analysis of this issue, by tracing the history of women’s involvement in community football organisations in Aotearoa NZ within the wider context of women’s involvement in sports organisations, and with reference to the scholarly literature on the history of women’s sport. It discusses the academic literature on gender diversity and inclusion in sport at micro-, meso-, and macro-levels, and draws on analyses of previous frameworks to conceptualise and create a new model, the Belonging and Equity Model. I adopted a relativist ontological approach, a social constructionist epistemology, underpinned by post-structural feminism. Taking a holistic approach, I used a multi-disciplinary methodology, mixed data collection methods and multiple sources of evidence that focused on converting theories and research into practicable tools for community football organisations to use. I applied a qualitative approach, using case study and insider research that included historical context, a web-based survey, action research, and a human-centred design thinking workshop to pilot and review the Belonging and Equity Model, a theoretical framework which was refined and evolved to become the practical Te Poukapa: The Belonging and Equity Matrix. The findings showed that there is a lack of diversity in community football organisations and more than a third of women who work in regional football federations have experienced discrimination. What is needed are actions that focus on belonging and gender equity, including at a strategic level, knowing and owning our (her)story, introducing gender equitable rituals, and building trust at all levels. This research discusses both the reasons for how we got ‘here’ and offers recommendations on how to move forward.
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    Maximising participation : an integrated model of alternative development and participatory instructional design : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Development Studies at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2002) Hatton, John
    This thesis is concerned with participation by third world people within an alternative development context. The thesis is aimed at identifying the current parameters within which participation is accepted and proposes that these should (and can) be extended. The thesis proposes a holistic alternative development model, which promotes maximum participation. This model is achieved by the integration of accepted alternative development practice and current instructional technology practice. The thesis initially outlines the theoretical perspectives of both practices to define each process and identify relational, structural and methodological linkages. Investigation of relational linkages reveals a strong link between the two practices with corresponding steps occurring at each phase of the process. In addition the investigation reveals similar considerations, in respect to participation, particularly in the areas of needs analysis, design and evaluation. A parallel ideology in respect to participant input, empowerment and self-determination is also evident. Secondly the thesis proposes an integrated alternative development model that maximises participation and achieves enhanced empowerment, equity and appropriateness. Primary research by way of a case study is utilised to further investigate the model. The case study (based in Vanuatu) gives comparison between current alternative development practice and the integrated model. The study reveals the integrated model significantly enhances participant input resulting in a development intervention that fully considers the instructional needs of participants and better promotes empowerment and efficiency. Using a web based questionnaire as a research tool, the thesis also investigates current participatory trends in instructional design. This research aims to identify if development practitioners have 'picked up' on current instructional technology. The survey revealed that 88% of all respondents whilst promoting participation, did not seek participant input during instructional design. The findings of the thesis show a definite developmental advantage in enhancing participation by the integration of the two practices. Additionally the integrated model proposed in the thesis gives a clear direction as to how this can be achieved.
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    Organisational self-assessment : a catalyst for development outcomes? : a research project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Development Studies at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2002) Wayne, Robert David
    Organisational self-assessment (OA) is an emerging development practice, often situated within capacity-building interventions. This study places OA at the confluence of the literature on participation, organisation development, and capacity-building for sustainable development. Reports on the nature and merits of several techniques are documented, and a framework developed to describe and classify them. The study then turns to investigate the extent to which organisational self-assessment is able to influence development outcomes. Using field-level research with community based organisations (CBO's), local NGO's, and health facilities in Bangladesh, the Appreciative Inquiry technique is evaluated for its ability to meet the stated objectives of the implementing organisations, the participants' experience of the process, and its potential to catalyse development. OA is found to have significant potential to generate development outcomes through its ability to combine the motivation for collective action with a plan of specific actions. This study recommends the extension of its use to new areas of application, such as community disaster preparedness and community water supply management, though with several caveats about how this is implemented.
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    Community resilience, capitals, and power relations : stories from the Waimakariri District about the aftermath of the 2010-2011 Canterbury Earthquakes in New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Resource and Environmental Planning at Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2019) García Cartagena, Martín
    Situated on the southern Pacific Rim, New Zealand’s seismic profile has long posed risks for New Zealand communities. In this geological context, fostering community resilience to natural hazards is vital and resilience is beginning to be mainstreamed into New Zealand’s planning and emergency management systems. However, a challenge emerges: how can the complex and contested concept of community resilience be operationalised in practice? This thesis addresses this question by critically evaluating how community resources and assets can be framed as community capitals, and exploring how these were mobilised in the Waimakariri District; an area affected by the 2010/11 Canterbury earthquake sequence. A novel conceptual framework, the Community Resilience Capitals Framework, is developed on the basis of a literature review on resilience and capitals integrating Social-Ecological Systems theory, community resilience theory, and multi-capital frameworks. The research was underpinned by social constructionism, framed by a critical inquiry perspective and conducted using a Community-Based Participatory design. A mixed-methods approach was applied to explore the breadth and depth of Waimakariri post-Canterbury earthquake recovery stories. Purposive and snowballing methods were used to identify and recruit 51 research participants. Data collection methods included a pilot study, case studies, semi-structured interviews and focus groups. Data were subjected to content and narrative analyses; informed by the theories of Bourdieu, Foucault, and Harré. Research findings show that capitals tend to be theorised as a variety of compartmentalised static concepts. However, physical capitals, such as built and economic capitals, and metaphysical capitals, such as symbolic, cultural, social, political and moral capitals, are accrued, assembled, and mobilised by actors shaping complex capital networks. Those who have or are able to mobilise the largest assemblages of capitals position themselves and others who have accrued less capital within the hierarchically structured fields of disaster response, recovery and regeneration. It is an actor’s position within the fields that gives them the legitimacy (symbolic capital) to influence matters (central position), or be subjected to dominant actors (marginal positions). Multiple exemplars to illustrate capital accrual and field positioning are explored in this thesis such as central governments’ reliance on the insurance and reinsurance sectors’ economic capital to stabilise New Zealand’s financial markets. Consequently, insurance-related stakeholders were imbued with significant political capital and able to determine the priorities for earthquake recovery, while local communities’ priorities were marginalised. Key findings of this research indicate that physical and metaphysical capitals are selectively accrued as well as mobilised by actors positioned in the fields of disaster risk reduction, in order to influence negotiations pertaining to well-being and resilience priorities. Imbalances in capital accrual by actors fuel inequities in community resilience building processes. This research has identified that the complex nature of capitals and the ways they are mobilised to facilitate community wellbeing are not adequately acknowledged in prevailing emergency management and planning practices. The Community Resilience Capitals Framework reveals the complex nature of capital interactions and can be used to reveal how equitable and inclusive local community resilience building processes are in practice, in a place- and context-sensitive manner.
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    "Gumboots and grassroots" : exploring leadership for social change at a grassroots level in New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Business Studies in Management at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2017) Neeley, Eloise Alison
    The primary aim of this study was to explore the motivations underpinning three agri-women’s involvement in grassroots associations. The research investigated leadership processes within the groups and sought to understand the impact of three specific projects in the context of grassroots leadership for social change. Grassroots associations have been described as innovative networks of people sharing common goals and vision, that recognise and respond to local community needs, often motivated by a need to create societal and environmental change. Future climatic and sustainability challenges predicted for New Zealand’s agri-sector provide the impetus to support and increase this collective leadership capacity. Voluntary groups such as these have largely been ignored by leadership scholars, however their informal, decentralised structures and collective decision-making processes offer unique opportunities to view leadership in a different way, a way that may be essential in the complex world of the 21st century. Furthermore, the context of this research in rural and provincial New Zealand provides a fresh perspective relevant to rural and urban alike, for a country largely reliant on its primary sector for economic prosperity. A qualitative multiple case study design was chosen for its ability to achieve a holistic result, rich in content and meaning, through employing multiple data collection techniques in a naturalistic setting. Thematic analysis was used to draw out themes from the data, which combined with existing theory in an abductive approach adding new contributions to the current limited knowledge of grassroots leadership processes. Key findings were the participants’ voluntary altruistic principles and their passion, persistence and commitment to their causes. Leadership processes within the groups confirmed an outdated leader-follower influence paradigm and strong parallels with elements of Complexity Leadership Theory, especially in terms of enabling leadership to create adaptive space. However, the major contribution from this study was an adapted framework demonstrating how philosophical foundations, leadership practices and activities of grassroots associations can build community power in the creation of social capital contributing to community resilience for unknown and unknowable future events.
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    Community empowerment : a new approach or participation in disguise? : a thesis presented in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Resource and Environmental Planning, Massey University
    (Massey University, 1995) Barrett, P. J.
    This thesis provides a theoretical conceptualisation of a process that links international community empowerment strategies with community empowerment approaches and attributes at various political levels. The thesis has derived a theoretical set of guiding community empowerment attributes form current community empowerment approaches. Guiding attributes may provide a means of understanding of current actions by which community empowerment is being implemented. Guidelines may also be used as criteria for the evaluation of existing community empowerment approaches in terms of more democratic decision making. In addition, guidelines may be used to test the initial idea for the establishment of community empowered groups. A comparison and contrast of one New Zealand community empowerment programme with the theoretical set of guiding community empowerment attributes is made. The comparison and contrast shows that when a community empowerment approach incorporates and implements the majority of theoretical attributes, it may result in greater community participation, responsibility and more democratic decision making at the community level. Such community cooperation has advantages for local authorities in the management of natural and physical resources.
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    Realising their governance role : community boards in New Zealand : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy (Social Policy), Massey University
    (Massey University, 1996) Storer, Faye
    This thesis explores the governance role of community boards in New Zealand. There has been considerable debate on whether community boards have a meaningful role to play in local government. Critics of community boards argue that if the boards are not given additional functions they should be abolished. However this thesis will attempt to show that community boards already have an important role to play, that of governance. This thesis focuses in particular on the concepts of 'public space', the 'public realm' and 'citizenship'. The mechanisms of participation and consultation are employed to reveal the governance role played by community boards. It is argued that through an appreciation of this governance role, the full potential of sub-local government can be realised.