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    Influence of bird type, dietary fibre and particle size on apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients and energy utilisation : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Animal Science at School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Manawatu, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2018) Mtei, Asnath William
    Whilst limited published data are available on the effect of bird type on the nutrients digestibility and the interaction between DF content and bird type on nutrient digestibility, no study has investigated the interaction between dietary particle size and bird type on nutrient digestibility. In the present thesis work, it was hypothesised that the interaction exists in nutrient digestibility responses of different bird types to increased dietary fibre content and particle size, with layers showing better digestion efficiency in high fibre diets and to increased dietary particle size. The objectives of the experimental research presented in this thesis are, 1. To investigate the influence of bird type (broilers, pullets and layers) and DF content (low fibre and high fibre) on apparent ileal nutrient digestibility and energy utilisation; 2. To investigate the influence of bird type (broilers and layers) and maize particle size (fine, medium and coarse) on apparent ileal digestibility of nutrients and energy utilisation. The major finding of this research was that the bird type influenced the digestibility of nutrients regardless of diet type, with higher digestibility in broilers compared to pullets and layers. Bird types showed different magnitude of digestibility responses to increased dietary fibre content. Nutrient digestibility responses to dietary fibre content were greater in layers than in broilers and pullets. Although feeding medium and coarse particles was associated with increased gizzard and proventriculus weights in both layers and broilers, only the layers benefited in terms of increase nutrient digestibility. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the digestive tract development and function in layers is more sensitive to feed structure. The implication is that feeding diets low in fibre and finely ground diets to layers should be avoided to achieve optimum digestion. The interactions observed between diet type or particle size and bird type suggest that the information available on the dietary inclusion level of fibre sources and nutrient digestibility for one type of bird may not be appropriate for use in diet formulation for the other type of birds. However, further research is required to determine the dietary fibre level and particle sizes to be considered in diets for different bird types.--From Introduction & Discussion
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    A comparison of the nutritive value of normal and opaque-2 maize for growing pigs in diets containing meat and bone meal with and without amino acid supplementation : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science in Animal Science at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1974) Stables, Nigel Harry John
    Pig meat production in New Zealand has traditionally been associated with the dairy industry, relying upon dairy by-products (principally skim-milk and whey) as major sources of protein and energy for pig feed. However, export market prospects for milk protein led to the diversification of dairy factory products, such as the ultra-filtration of whey protein and lactose extraction of whey. The prevailing economic climate also encouraged dairy farmers to change to whole milk ,anker collection and large numbers of the supplementary pig enterprises were closed down. Despite fluctuations, market prices generally showed an increase and many farmers began investigating alternative food supplies in order to take advantage of these higher prices. Garbage and other edible waste provided only limited scope for expansion, and the main alternative appeared to be the use of cereal grains. The New Zealand pig industry, in the last 5-10 years, has therefore begun to move towards a specialised form of production based upon the use of diets containing a predominance of cereals, similar to what has prevailed in many overseas countries for a longer period. The local report of Kingma and Ryan (1971) illustrates the need for efficiency in the high cost system of production based upon meal feeding. Where skimmilk is the principal ingredient in the ration, the supply of dietary protein is generally adequate due to the high nutritive value of the protein in this feedstuff. However, when the major source of nutrients comes from cereal grains, although these provide a concentrated source of energy, the poor balance of amino acids becomes limiting to the utilization of such rations. In New Zealand there is a restricted range of feeds high in protein and suitable for incorporation into pig rations. They include skimmilk powder, buttermilk powder, meat meal, meat and bone meal, liver meal and fish meal. Alternative sources of protein in soybeans, lupins, field beans and lucerne are being investigated.
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    Whole grain inclusion in poultry diets : effects on performance, nutrient utilisation, gut development, caecal microflora profile and coccidiosis challenge : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Animal Science at Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences (IVABS), Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2013) Singh, Yashpal
    Whole grain feeding has recently received renewed interest in the commercial poultry industry as a mean of lowering feed manufacturing cost. Wheat is the cereal grain of choice for whole grain feeding, despite the fact that globally maize is the most commonly cereal grain. Published data on the use of whole maize in poultry diets are scant. The size of maize grain may be the major reason for the lack of interest in feeding whole maize. The first three experiments of the thesis investigated alternative feeding strategies such as pre-pelleting inclusion or minor modifications such as cracking or coarser grinding to overcome the issue of maize kernel size. Experiment four evaluated whole wheat (WW) feding and examined the interaction between pellet diameter (3.0 vs 4.76 mm) and method of wheat inclusion (ground wheat (GW) or WW pre-and post-pelleting). The intention of using a larger pellet die was to retain the larger wheat particle size in pellets. Experiment five investigated the effect of whole wheat feeding in broilers experimentally challenged with a mixed infection of Eimeria. Pre-pelleting inclusion of 0 to 600 g/kg whole maize replacing (w/w) ground maize in broiler starter diets showed that the weight gain of broilers was poorer despite improvements in gizzard development, nutrient utilisation and pellet quality (Chapter 4). Poor weight gain was due largely to reduced feed intake. Inclusion of 0 to 600 g/kg coarse maize, replacing (w/w) finely-ground maize, in broiler diets in mash form from day 11 to 35 post-hatch resulted in improvements in weight gain and gizzard weight without any negative effect on nutrient utilisation and carcass yield (Chapter 5). Increased caecal counts of beneficial bacteria Lactobacilli spp. and Bifidobacteria spp. and decreased counts of Clostridium spp., Campylobacterium spp. and Bacteroides spp. were also reported. Similarly, feeding diets containing 0 to 600 g/kg coarse maize to laying hens, from 39 to 62weeks of age, had no adverse effects on any production parameters and egg quality (Chapter 6). These results indicated that ground maize in broiler and layer diets could be completely replaced by coarsely ground maize with no adverse effects of bird performance. . Data reported in Chapter 7 showed that the effect of pellet diameter on broiler performance varied depending on the form of wheat and method of WW inclusion. Larger pellet diameter increased the weight gain and lowered feed per gain of birds fed diets with GW and post-pellet inclusion of WW. However, in birds fed diets with pre-pelleting inclusion of WW, the larger pellet diameter lowered weight gain and increased feed per gain, due largely to reduced feed intake which may be attributed partly to poorer pellet quality. Relative gizzard weight was increased by larger pellet diameter with pre-pelleting inclusion of WW, but was unaffected by diets containing GW or post pelleting inclusion of WW. Larger pellet diameter increased the apparent metabolisable energy and ileal starch digestibility, irrespective of method of WW inclusion. These results suggested that, irrespective of whether the wheat grain was milled or added whole post-pelleting, a larger diameter pellet was beneficial. On the other hand, when WW was added pre-pelleting, a smaller diameter pellet resulted in improved weight and feed per gain in broiler performance. In the final experiment (Chapter 8), broilers fed WW either pre-or post-pelleting and experimentally challenged with a mixed Eimeria infection at 21 day of age showed that mortality in challenged birds was highest in those fed diets with WW post-pelleting, followed by pre-pelleted WW and GW (58, 35, and 17%, respectively). The pattern of mortality paralleled the changes in gizzard size, which suggested that WW feeding exacerbated the severity of coccidiosis infection, possibly via a mechanism involving enhanced gizzard development.