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    An observational study on the dietary intake, nutrition practices, hydration status and energy expenditure in competitive one-day cricket matches : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of a Masters of Science in Human Nutrition, Massey University, Albany, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2018) McDonald, Shelley
    Background: Cricket is one of the oldest sports in existence, the first international match dates back to 1844. Modern day cricket with increasing elite level representation has resulted in higher physical performance demands on players. Despite this there is little information available regarding the energy cost, dietary intake and hydration status of cricket players during matches. Objective: To investigate pre-match and match dietary intake; hydration status and energy expenditure (EE) of high performing male players within 50-over cricket matches. Methods: High performing male cricket players (>16y) from the Auckland Cricket Association, were invited to participate in an observational study that took place during competitive ‘one-day format’ cricket matches. Pre-match hydration was tested for urine specific gravity (Usg), end of match hydration was determined from percentage body mass (BM) change and sweat loss was estimated from end of match BM less calculated BM (pre-match BM + food and fluid mass – urine output). Dietary intakes were assessed using food records (pre match) and direct observation (during match). Global positioning system units were worn to provide time motion analysis data. EE was calculated from relative metabolic load multiplied by pre-match BM. Statistical analyses using independent t-tests and bivariate correlations were performed to investigate relationships between variables. Results: Match data were collected from 27 cases over six games from 18 participants. Early morning pre-match dehydration (≥Usg 1.020 g.ml-1) was reported in 81.5% of cases. The minimum recommended pre-event fluid intake (5 ml.kg-1) was met by 28% of participants (n=5). A pre-match carbohydrate (CHO) intake of <1 g∙kg-1 was reported for 66.6% of participants, and match CHO intake of < 30 g.h-1 was found for 37% of cases. End of match BM percent losses occurred in 59.2% and the highest loss reported was 2% (n=2). Match fluid intake was positively associated with match sweat loss (P<0.001). The average match EE per hour was 1015 ± 266 kJ∙h-1. There was no relationship between match EE and energy intake. Conclusion: Most players were dehydrated early morning, and almost one third had an inadequate pre-match fluid intake. Match rehydration was insufficient in over two-thirds of the cases and CHO intake was insufficient for two thirds pre-match and for one third during the match. The results from this study indicate that educating this group of cricket players on pre-match and match dietary and fluid requirements and on individual hydration monitoring practices is warranted. Further investigations on the energy cost of cricket matches are warranted to further determine the demands of the game, specifically focusing on positional demands.
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    Bone mineral density and body composition in high-performing cricket players : an exploratory study : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics, at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2017) Payne, Corey
    Background/Aim: Cricket is a popular sport both in New Zealand, and internationally. Cricketers have a high prevalence of stress fractures, which may in part be linked to bone mineral density. However, little research exists investigating bone health in this group. The primary aim of this study was to investigate determinants of bone mineral density (BMD) in a group of highperforming cricketers. Secondary aims included measuring musculoskeletal differences in the dominant versus non-dominant arm, and monitoring pre and postseason body composition. Methods: Healthy male (n=27) and female (n=11) cricketers aged 16-33y were recruited. BMD was measured using DXA, and body composition was measured pre and post-season using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Food frequency questionnaires (FFQ’s) and a lifestyle & health questionnaire were completed. Determinants of BMD were tested using hierarchical multiple regression analysis. A dependent samples t-test was used to determine differences between dominant and non-dominant arms and changes in body composition over the season. Results: Skeletal muscle mass was a significant predictor of BMD and accounted for 31, 18, and 38 percent of BMD variation at the hip, spine, and total body, respectively. Age and calcium intake did not predict BMD at any site. BMD and lean mass were significantly greater (p<0.05) in the dominant arms of both males (+0.056g/cm2 and +308.4g) and females (+0.078g/cm2 and +254.2g). A 0.8kg reduction in post-season skeletal muscle mass was found in females (p<0.05), with no differences found in males. Conclusions: Skeletal muscle was the strongest predictor of BMD in this group, while age and calcium intake showed no effect. Significant differences in BMD and lean mass were observed between dominant and non-dominant arms. Skeletal muscle in males remained unchanged from beginning to end of season, and was reduced in females. Training methods in this group should target development and maintenance of muscle mass in order to optimise BMD.
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    Achievement motivation orientation and psychological/interpersonal well-being in male recreational and elite cricket players : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1996) Hadfield, David
    The present study examined differences between a convenience sample of elite (n=55) and recreational (n=31) cricketers in achievement motivation orientation, psychological well-being, relationship satisfaction and general attitudes and feelings to the game. Major findings were that (a) Elite athletes scored higher on both competitiveness and win orientation. (b) There was no significant difference between groups on psychological well-being. (c) There was no significant difference in relationship satisfaction between groups. Qualitative data from two open-ended questions indicated that for 40% of elite players, relationship sacrifices were the worst aspect of playing at elite level. (d) Elite cricketers scored significantly higher on commitment to cricket, achievement needs, competitive anxiety, intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation, and lower on fun/stimulation needs. (e) For elite players the best things about playing were the challenge, comradeship and win-oriented achievement, while the worst aspects were relationship sacrifices, travel, and career/financial sacrifices. For the recreational group, the best aspects were comradeship (83%) and enjoyment, and the worst aspects were overcompetitive players, cheating or incompetent umpires and rain.