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    'E da dravudravua e na dela ni noda vutuni-i-yau' : customary land and economic development : case studies from Fiji : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirement of the degree of Doctor in Philosophy in Development Studies at Massey University, Palmerston North, Aotearoa
    (Massey University, 2020) Vunibola, Suliasi
    The purpose of this research is to determine how indigenous Fijian communities have been able to establish models of economic undertaking which allow successful business development while retaining control over their customary land and supporting community practices and values. External critics frequently emphasise that customary practices around land restrict economic development and undermine investments in the Pacific. There is also assertion that within the Pacific islands, culture and customary measures are mostly viewed as impediments of hopeful development. This research seeks to switch-over these claims by examining how customary land and measures facilitate successful business forms in Fiji. Along with the overarching qualitative methodology - a novel combination of the Vanua Research Framework, Tali Magimagi Research Framework, and the Bula Vakavanua Research Framework - a critical appreciative enquiry approach was used. This led to the development of the Uvi (yam - dioscorea alata) Framework which brings together the drauna (leaves) representing the capturing of knowledge, vavakada (stake) indicating the support mechanisms for indigenous entrepreneurship on customary land, uvi (yam tuber) signifying the indicators for sustainable development of indigenous business on customary land, and taking into consideration the external factors and community where the indigenous business is located. Case studies on three successful indigenous Fijian businesses based on customary land were conducted in two geographical locations in Fiji, and methods included talanoa, active participant observation, and semi-structured interviews. This study found that customary tenure and cultural values can support socially embedded economic development activities in the Pacific. It also reinstates the inherent value of customary land as an intergenerational resource aiding self-determined and inclusive development, including economic activities that provide holistic returns to communities as in socio-cultural contributions and community development initiatives. The businesses were able to be sustainable by devising mechanisms that balance daily business and community contributions. The study concludes that locally-driven development on customary land could be a model for alternative forms of economic development, thus, helping to reshape understanding of economies in Fiji and the wider Pacific.
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    The Applicability of Customary Fisheries Management Principles for Managing Large-Scale Marine Areas: Rote Island, Indonesia : a dissertation presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Planning at Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2019) Haning, Jermi
    Traditional rules and practices for managing fisheries, customary fisheries management, have been practised for generations by communities in many countries. Most customary fisheries management is applied in the context of small-scale environments; customary fisheries management has not been implemented in large-scale marine environments, where there are substantial challenges due to the diversity of resource users, the migratory characteristics of fisheries and the dynamic nature of the environments. Nevertheless, to address the challenges of large-scale marine environments, government and non-government organisations have established multilateral environmental agreements. Drawing on an institutional analysis and development framework, this research assesses the applicability of customary fisheries management to large-scale marine management regimes. This study begins by examining customary fisheries management’s characteristics to understand its compatibility with modern practices of natural resources management. Then, it assesses how customary fisheries management is being applied across government tiers and marine zones in pursuing the goals of multilateral environmental agreements. The empirical focus is on how customary fisheries management on Rote Island is applied in the Sawu Sea Marine Protected Area in Indonesia. This marine protected area is a goal of the Coral Triangle Initiative, an example of a multilateral environmental agreement, established in 2009 by six countries in the Indo-West Pacific region to manage fisheries. Data collection included an analysis of policy and other documents and interviews with key stakeholders across all government tiers in Indonesia. This study found that Rote Island’s customary fisheries, also known as hohorok, possess principles of modern fishing practices, justifying its revival and re-application to the protected area. However, hohorok failed to address Rote Island’s fisheries problems. Changes in the local contexts, such as social and politics aspects, and in the new hohorok itself complicate hohorok applicability. The revived hohorok keeps the customary fishers happy, which facilitated the Indonesian government to gain customary fishers’ consent to manage fisheries. The national government used hohorok re-application to serve its interests: to re-gain control and hegemony over decentralised fisheries management, and to share costs of fisheries management with both global donors and customary fishers.
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    A customary right or wrong? : a study of the effects of the Kaimoana Customary Fishing Regulations on hapu of Ngati Kahungunu : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2008) Ormsby, Wayne Tahiwi
    This thesis presents a critical analysis of customary fishing in the light of the rise of indigeneity in these post modern times. The cumulative effects of early colonial fisheries legislation and the exploitation of natural resources aligned with diminished tangata whenua traditional knowledge and practices have generally gone unnoticed. Given recent fisheries litigation and the subsequent legislation development, this study focuses specifically on the effects of the Kaimoana Customary Fishing Regulations (1998) for all the relevant shore based hapu of the iwi/tribal nation of Ngati Kahungunu. The central research question for this thesis explores how these Ngati Kahungunu hapu have responded, adapted, challenged, or adjusted to Crown law and customary fisheries legislation. Of equal significance, is finding out whether or not such contemporary Westminster originating laws engendered difficulties for Maori traditional hapu lore especially when it came to managing their customary fisheries. In order to examine these questions, tangata kaitiaki (Maori customary fisheries managers) were identified as the respondent pool to draw from, and four were selected to be interviewed based on their experience and understanding of the Kaimoana Customary Fishing Regulations and knowledge of their obligations to hapu. As a qualitative piece of research, the interview questionnaire for these chosen tangata kaitiaki allowed for their thoughts and experiences to do the talking and, more importantly, be recorded. The korero of the respondents and results of the study are envisaged as guidelines for improving hapu customary fisheries management practices, traditional knowledge and increased awareness. In addition, the overview of historical and contemporary Maori fisheries provides an understanding and awareness of a complex and difficult subject. The duel need to satisfy academic requirements of Massey University and remain focused on the well-being of Ngati Kahungunu hapu customary fisheries led my preference toward a qualitative research approach principally because Te Ao Maori is immersed in oral traditions. The tangata kaitiaki shared their wisdom and understanding of the Kaimoana regulations based on the impact on their rohe, feedback from their hapu and philosophical values of maintaining and promoting rangatiratanga over their resources. Key indicators from the study show that tangata whenua and particularly tangata kaitiaki are adjusting customary fishing practices and traditions to align with the contemporary reshaping of customary fishing rights into a regulatory regime. All the respondents understood there is no survival of the resource without sustainability, the fundamental aim of kaitiakitanga. And, despite all the administration and resources residing with the Crown, tangata whenua have continued to undertake their kaitiaki responsibilities with little or no resources. After loss of land, chieftainship, language, resources and economic and political power, customary fishing is the last bastion of Maori control over a tangible asset. The key findings of the study sign posts for me the following whakataukï. Ka pu te ruha ka hao te rangatahi ka awatea. The old net is cast aside, the new net goes fishing, it is a new dawn.
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    Integrating community-oriented policing and traditional justice systems as police reform and development in post-conflict countries : a research project presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of International Development, School of People, Environment and Planning, Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand
    (The Author, 2014) McLeod, Catriona
    Police reform in post-conflict countries has seen the increasing implementation of the community-oriented policing model as a means to introduce democratic policing as a component of the peace building process. However, in many post-conflict countries the situation of legal pluralism exists, where multiple justice systems operate in the same space. Many communities often rely on customary or traditional forms of justice as the formal state justice system does not extend to their location or have any real influence or authority. This research project used document analysis to investigate the contribution community-oriented policing can make to those communities that rely on traditional justice systems. This report introduced two community-oriented policing mechanisms, tara bandu ceremonies in Timor-Leste and the Community Officer Project in Solomon Islands, as case studies. These two mechanisms were analysed and compared with a specific focus on their respective levels of community participation and how they responded to raising awareness of the principles of human rights. The case study analysis found that the tara bandu ceremonies had high levels of community participation and support due to them being an endogenous social structure and the extensive involvement the communities had in developing their respective tara bandu ceremonies. This was in contrast to the Community Officer Project which is an introduced structure and one in which the community appeared to have no real input into the design and implementation process. These findings led to the conclusion that in integrating community-oriented policing and traditional justice systems, consideration should be given to utilising pre-existing traditional structures that have the support of the community.