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    An analysis of the New Zealand supply of calla to the Umeda wholesale auction market : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Horticultural Science in Economics at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1995) Rowe, Ivan Stewart
    This paper is an exploratory analysis and discussion of the supply of New Zealand Calla to the Umeda wholesale auction market in Osaka, Japan. The hypothesis, that total revenue has not been maximised at the Umeda market, was tested and found to be true. The test was conducted by optimising the supply schedule, constrained by the total volume of imported Calla (white and coloured) sold at Umeda each season. To conduct this test, data collection at the Umeda wholesale auction market was necessary. The results are based on observations of two and a half seasons (January 1992 to June 1994) for each Calla product (i.e. Japanese white Calla, Japanese coloured Calla, imported white Calla and imported coloured Calla). As New Zealand supplies 90-95 per cent of Calla imports each year, it was assumed that all imported Calla sold at Umeda were grown in New Zealand. 1 The statement that 90-95 per cent of imported Calla are from New Zealand holds for 1989-1994. In conjunction with data collection, many representatives of the Japanese cut-flower market were interviewed in order to provide descriptive information as well as the requirements and expectations of the Japanese market (not just the Umeda wholesale auction market). The results show that, in terms of maximising total revenue, imported Calla tend to be poorly allocated over the season. The exception to this was imported white Calla in the 1993/4 season, where maximum total revenue was only NZ$4,600 more than the actual. In the previous season, imported white Calla attained a total revenue of NZ$17,700 less than the maximum. The imported coloured Calla results show that maximum total revenue was NZ$20,000 more than the actual in 1992/3 and NZ$17,800 more in 1993/4. As this paper is of an exploratory nature, total revenue maximisation was not the only focus. Constant Market Shares Analysis was also applied to the data, in an attempt to explain changes in the share of imported Calla at Umeda. The results of Constant Market Shares Analysis were inconclusive with respect to explaining the observed changes. This tested the limits of this deterministic form of analysis. Specifically where the appropriateness of Constant Market Shares Analysis on small data sets and products where the underlying product composition (cultivar and grade mix) changes from season to season. In both respects Constant Market Shares Analysis was found to be very limited as a simple means of explaining changes in supply.
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    Phase change, flowering and postharvest characteristics of Metrosideros excelsa (Myrtaceae) : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plant Biology at the Institute of Molecular BioSciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2001) Henriod, Robert E.
    The development of Metrosideros excelsa (pohutukawa) as an ornamental crop has been limited by a lack of knowledge on the cultural requirements and underlying physiological processes associated with: (a) vegetative phase change (maturation) following micropropagation, (b) the environmental control of flowering, and (c) the postharvest characteristics of the cut-flower. These three concerns were addressed in this thesis. First, plantlets of M. excelsa that had undergone rejuvenation following micropropagation, were subjected to shoot and root restriction treatments to accelerate vegetative phase change. Leaves of shoot-restricted, single-stemmed plants became progressively more adult with increasing node position, whereas root restriction reduced root growth but did not accelerate vegetative phase change. In single-stemmed plants, light saturated maximum rate of photosynthesis and leaf carbon isotope discrimination decreased within increasing node position. However, carbon isotope composition in leaves of these plants diverged away from those exhibited by leaves of adult plants, possibly reflecting physiological changes resulting from altered source/sink relations. Second, the effects of photoperiod, temperature and irradiance on floral initiation and development were examined in M. excelsa by manipulating these parameters in controlled and greenhouse environments. M. excelsa responded as a facultative short-day plant with maximum flowering occurring following a 15 weeks cool (mean 15° C) short-day (10 h) inductive treatment. An irradiance of 567 µmol m-2 s-1 during induction provided the optimal conditions for floral primordial growth and subsequent flower development. Buds initially 2.0-3.0 mm in diameter had the highest probability of becoming floral, whilst those less than 2.0 mm in diameter were more likely to remain vegetative or to not break. Finally, the postharvest characteristics of M. excelsa as a cut flower were assessed. Generally, holding solution treatments containing sucrose extended vase life, whereas those containing HQC (applied alone or as a pulse) were detrimental. Cut flowers were sensitive to exogenous ethylene and pre-treatment with inhibitors of ethylene action (STS and 1-MCP) conferred significant protection. This thesis has contributed significantly to furthering our understanding and knowledge of cultural and physiological factors that underlie vegetative phase change, flowering and vase life characteristics in flowers of M. excelsa.