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Item Exploring the dietary intake and eating patterns of New Zealand European women aged 16-45 years : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand(Massey University, 2015) Schrijvers, Jenna KateBackground/Aim: Analysing dietary intakes gives insight to an individual or groups nutritional status. Investigating dietary patterns provides an alternative measure to identify combinations of foods that are related to excess adiposity. The aim of this study is to investigate dietary intakes and eating patterns of New Zealand European (NZE) women with different body composition profiles, participating in the women’s EXPLORE (Examining the Predictors Linking Obesity Related Elements) study. Methods: Post-menarche, pre-menopausal NZE women (16-45 years) (n=231) completed a validated 220-item, self-administrated, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) assessing dietary intake over the previous month. Quetelet’s body mass index (BMI) was calculated (kg/m2) from height and weight measurements; body fat percentage (BF%) was measured using air displacement plethysmography (BodPod). Participants were categorised into one of three body composition profile (BCP) groups: normal BMI (18.5-24.9 kg/m2), normal BF% (≥22%, <30%) (HH); normal BMI, high BF% (≥30%)(NH); high BMI (≥25 kg/m2), high BF% (HH). Dietary intakes, macronutrient profiles and diet quality for the total NZE women and the BCP groups were analysed. Dietary patterns were identified using principal component factor analysis and broken into tertiles (T1, T2, T3). Associations between dietary patterns, age, BMI and BF% were investigated. Results: Many NZE women consumed insufficient vitamin D (55%), iron (82%), calcium (28.5%), folate (48%) and dietary fibre (28%) intakes. Mean±SD percentage of energy intake for carbohydrate (41.9±7%) was below and for saturated fat (13.9±3.5%) above the acceptable macronutrient distribution range for the total NZE women. The top 40 food items consumed by the NZE women included water, bread, tea, coffee, milk and yoghurt. Diet soft drinks were only present in the HH BCP group. Four dietary patterns were identified: P1: ‘Snacking’ pattern; P2: ‘Energy-dense meat’ pattern; P3: ‘Fruit and vegetable’ pattern; P4: ‘Healthy’ pattern, which explained 6.9, 6.8, 5.6 and 4.8% of variation in food intake, respectively. Younger (16-24 years) (P=0.035) and overweight (26.4±26.7kg/m2) (P=0.036) women were significantly associated with P2, loading highly in T3. No significant associations were found with BF%. Intakes of vitamin A, E, D, and zinc were comparable between normal BF% and high BF% BCP groups. Conclusion: NZE women consume inadequate iron, vitamin D, folate, calcium and dietary fibre intakes irrespective of body fatness. Dietary patterns of NZE women can be linked to specific body compositions, specifically, women with a high BMI high BF% were associated with a diet characteristic of meat, high fat sauces, puddings and fried foods. Regardless of BF%, NZE women follow a diet low in carbohydrate and high in saturated fat. Diet quality of vitamin A, D, E, iron, and zinc in women with a high BF% is comparable to that of women with normal BF%’s showing good diet quality. Targeted interventions can be developed based on these findings to increase nutrient intakes of NZE women and improve the health status of those with excess adiposity.Item Exploring paternalistic leadership and its application to the Indonesian context : a dissertation presented in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in cross-cultural leadership at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand(Massey University, 2011) Irawanto, Dodi WirawanPaternalistic Leadership (PL) is characterised by a patriarchal and hierarchical authoritarian style of management. It is strongly characterised by absolute guidance, the protection of subordinates, harmony building and moral leadership. This thesis sets out a framework of enquiry that comprehensively answers the following three important questions. First, to what extent is Indonesian leadership paternalistic? Second, how is the leader-employee relationship constructed in Indonesia? Finally, to what extent is this relationship influenced by Javanese culture? Javanese is Indonesia’s dominant ethnicity and culture in the sociopolitical arena, colouring the socio-economic and political climate and affecting the way people perceive “leadership”. Generally speaking, Indonesia’s leadership and governmental style is paternalistic. For this study, the total population of civil servants was invited to answer a survey about their perceptions on leaders-leadership style, and eight hundred and seven (81%) respondents responded. The research study was based on the assumption that current “topdown” leadership should be augmented by a more complex view of leadership as relationship. The study was operationalised within the concept of Paternalistic leadership described by Cheng et al.’s (2004) 10 variables, which were validated using explanatory factor analysis. Additionally, the construction of relationship between leaders and employees was examined by relating employee demographic characteristics to Paternalistic leadership. Survey questionnaires were sent to civil servants in two provinces and returned directly to the researcher. Data analysis methods included descriptive statistics to examine how the respondents answered questions, explanatory factor analysis to examine suitability of paternalistic leadership, and one- and two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to examine how the respondents’ demographic information correspondents to Paternalistic leadership Study results show that civil servants agree that leaders demonstrate Paternalistic leadership. Instead of Cheng et al ‘s (2004)10 leadership factors, this study confirms that seven leadership styles are important aspects, highlighting “visible leadership” as the most important. Further, the most significant effect of employee demographic information to Paternalistic leadership is found in Visible leadership. Two-way ANOVA analysis suggest that Indonesian civil servants expect to “ride on the coattails” of their superiors. These results, supplemented by the literature, suggest that there should be an emphasis on the synergistic nature of the relationship between leaders and employees. It is also strongly recommended that further research replicate this study in other Indonesian provinces. Confirmation factor analysis and others variable measuring leaders-employees relationship in similar future research was also recommended.Item Regional destination attributes that attract domestic tourists: the role of man-made venues for leisure and recreation.(2021-06) Camacho-Murillo A; Gounder R; Richardson SThis paper examines the influence of man-made attractions for leisure and recreation on domestic tourists' preferences amongst regional destinations, and the moderating role of these attractions on the negative effect of distance on tourists' choices. A mixed multinomial logit model is employed for 368 cities in Colombia grouped into 28 provinces. Factor analysis is utilised to identify the latent variable that groups several man-made attractions for leisure and recreation. Results show that domestic tourists' choices of a regional destination increase as the number of man-made attractions for leisure and recreation rises, although there is taste heterogeneity between tourists explained by their city of origin. Findings also show that the decline in domestic tourists' preferences for a regional destination due to increases in travel distance can be lessened through the construction and/or enhancement of man-made venues for leisure and recreation in the destination; a strategy that can serve to reduce monetary poverty in distant destinations that have attributes to attract tourists.