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    Deregulation or re-regulation : grower constructions of risks that arise from regulatory change in the New Zealand pipfruit industry : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Development Studies, School of Global Studies at Massey University
    (Massey University, 2001) Bird, Louis Joseph
    This thesis seeks to combine two political economy of food perspectives stemming from food regimes analysis and concepts of food networks for the purpose of identifying and examining grower constructions of risks arising from regulatory change in the New Zealand pipfruit industry. While the food regimes framework has received some criticism from the post-structuralist camp, it is difficult to conceive how a clear understanding of agri-food networks in New Zealand, particularly post-1984, could be proposed without focusing on the momentous political and economic events associated with the structural adjustment experiment which fundamentally changed the productive, investment, economic and socio-political landscapes. Food regimes analysis, with its focus on investment axes and comparative trends in global food restructuring, represents a powerful theoretical tool in situating historical and current industry challenges and structural conditions. The research uses focus groups as the primary participatory research vehicle and through this has identified grower defined, risk matrices. These matrices have been built in four separate pipfruit growing regions. Each prioritises risk events in terms of likelihood of occurrence and seriousness of consequence, in the orchard business enterprise context. Regionally specific risk construction and definition can assist in the prediction, and analysis, of the effects of deregulation (re-regulation), and influence future development trajectories for the New Zealand pipfruit industry and the regional communities where the industry is a major economic driver. Key Words: food regimes; food networks; qualitative method; focus group; risk; construction.
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    Factors that influence grower adoption and implementation of the ENZA Integrated Fruit Production programme : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Applied Science in Agriculture - Horticulture Systems and Management at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1999) Stiefel, Heidi
    To maintain marker access to the key pipfruit export markets of Europe and the UK ENZAFRUIT New Zealand LTD has set a target of 100 percent grower adoption of the ENZA Integrated Fruit Production programme (ENZA-IFP) by the year 2001. In 1996 eighty eight growers had adopted the programme out of a total of 1650 growers nationally, hence the adoption rate required to met this target is very steep. However, little is known about New Zealand growers' attitudes towards the ENZA-IFP programme, or the factors that may influence the programme's adoption. Interviews of randomly selected IFP and non-IFP growers were held in Hawke's Bay and Nelson during August 1997. The purpose of the interviews was to determine the factors that influence the adoption of the ENZA-IFP programme, identify differences between IFP and non IFP growers, and identify themes of technology transfer methods that may encourage grower adoption of the ENZA-IFP programme. The results of the IFP and non-IFP case study research were cross compared, then compared and contrasted with the factors identified in the reviewed literature. The key reasons the IFP growers had adopted the ENZA-IFP programme were for philosophical and environmental factors. Market access was also a key motivating factor. Financial factors, perceived risk, and poor communication were the key factors hindering adoption tor the non-IFP growers. The main financial factors were loss of the USA supply programme incentive and a lack of financial incentives to adopt IFP. Perceived risk was in the form of a perceived increase in pest and disease damage and resulting financial loss. To reach ENZA's target of 100 percent grower adoption by 2001, growers need both clear guidelines on how this is going to be met and financial incentives over the transition period to motivate adoption. IFP technologies that bring direct financial benefits to growers, have a participatory technology transfer system, have a low level of complexity and perceived risk, and fit with a growers current production system and resources are likely to be adopted more readily. Keywords: Integrated Fruit Production, Adoption, Implementation
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    The supermarket and its influence upon the New Zealand market structure for fresh fruit and vegetables : a dissertation submitted at Massey University of Manawatu in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree, Master of Agricultural Science
    (Massey University, 1967) Laird, A. N
    Since 1958, supermarkets have been selling fresh fruit and vegetables, (otherwise known as fresh produce), in New Zealand. Their merchandising policies differ in many ways to those which characterise the traditional market structure of grower, wholesaler and greengrocer. Accordingly, the subsequent effects of these policies upon the three parties mentioned have been many and varied. Of paramount importance in this respect is the practice which involves the supermarket's bypassing of the wholesaler and purchasing his supplies directly from the grower. Obviously, this must adversely affect the wholesaler, and it is for this reason that the constraint upon the extent of direct procurement by supermarkets receives particular attention. The determining legislation behind this constraint is enforced by the wholesale industry, and it limits the realisation of cost economies by growers and supermarkets from purchasing direct. Furthermore, the grower views a laissez-faire policy of direct sales as a step towards his domination by monopoly interests at retail. This is a point of conjecture, but its importance lies in the fact that auction is viewed by growers as the means whereby this possibility can be prevented. The wholesale industry unequivocally determines certain activities of the growing and retailing industries for fresh produce. Whether or not it should possess this right is a further point of conjecture, because by virtue of its operations and the present lack of competition, it engenders monopsonistic-monopolistic practices, and carries a negligible amount of the risk involved in the distribution process.