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    Balancing cultural and commercial imperatives : a study of Māori and Aboriginal entrepreneurs : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Management, School of Management, Massey Business School, Massey University, Palmerston North
    (Massey University, 2022) Manganda, Admiral Munyaradzi
    Indigenous entrepreneurship is increasingly establishing itself as a legitimate research discipline, with theoretical development as one of the priorities. This thesis seeks to explain how Māori and Aboriginal Australian entrepreneurs balance cultural and commercial imperatives in their entrepreneurial practice. The research is contextualised around Ngāti Porou entrepreneurs in the Tairāwhiti East Coast region of Aotearoa New Zealand, and Noongar, Wanghkatha and Gumbaynggir entrepreneurs located in the Perth locality of Western Australia. The research is approached with an integrated research epistemology consisting of Kaupapa Māori, Indigenous standpoint theory and Western methods including semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis. The thesis finds that Māori entrepreneurs negotiate cultural and commercial imperatives whilst Aboriginal entrepreneurs navigate cultural and commercial imperatives. Negotiation is taken to mean an ongoing interaction to reach an acceptable accommodation of both cultural and commercial imperatives; and navigation suggests a process of overcoming or working around barriers to achieve cultural and commercial imperatives. A conceptual framework of reconciling cultural and commercial imperatives is developed that illustrates the process of reconciling imperatives in Indigenous entrepreneurship. The thesis suggests that identity and contextual factors inclusive of Indigenous culture, colonial and postcolonial structures such as racism, mainstream attitudes, and discrimination, play a significant role in determining how Māori and Aboriginal entrepreneurs balance imperatives.
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    The clay mineralogy and erosion of the Waipaoa River catchment, Gisborne, New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Quaternary Science at Massey University
    (Massey University, 2002) D'Ath, Michele Annette
    The Waipaoa River Catchment lies N-NW of Gisborne, covering 2181 km2 it drains south into Poverty Bay 10 km SW of Gisborne. It carries approximately 15 million tonnes of suspended sediment annually, ranking it as one of the most sediment - laden rivers in the world. Deforestation in the early 1900's has led to severe landslide and gully erosion. To assist in catchment analysis and sediment budgeting, Landcare Research divided the Waipaoa River Catchment into 16 land systems, based on the Land Resource Inventory; principally rock type and erosion type and severity. Four of these land systems were chosen to test the hypothesis that clay mineralogy will influence whether landslide or gully erosion is dominant. And, if mineralogical signatures could be established for the different land systems, they could be traced downstream onto the floodplain and into the marine environment. There is no consistent mineralogical difference between the two chosen landslide dominated land systems and the two gully dominated systems. The Mangatu Land System is dominated by gully erosion. Samples taken from the Tarndale Gully complex within the Mangatu Land System for example, are dominated by quartz in the clay fraction, whereas gullies in the Waingaromia Land System are dominated by mica and smectite. The landslide dominated Te Arai Land System, like the Waingaromia Land System, is also primarily mica and smectite, while the clay minerals of the Mako Mako Land System consist of mica and the clay - sized mineral feldspar. It appears that tectonic influence of uplift and faulting, and its influence on headward erosion by streams, is most important in predisposition to gully erosion. The Mangatu Land System dominates the clay mineralogy of both the bedload and suspended sediment of the Waipaoa River at normal flow. However, dilution of this signature does occur at Te Karaka with the influence of the Waingaromia, Waikohu, and Waihora Rivers. In major flood events during high intensity storms, landsliding is more prevalent. Floodplain sediments are thus predominantly soil mantle materials derived from shallow landsliding and bare little resemblance to the dominant Mangatu Land System sediments. Whereas, the Poverty Bay marine core MD2122 sediment, representative of the annual Waipaoa River sediment yield, is produced by the continuous gully erosion. The effect of differential settling gives the core mineralogy a similar signal to that of the floodplain cores; however, sediment is considered to be predominantly Cretaceous material.
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    A DEM based investigation of mass movement sediment delivery : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science in Soil Science, Massey University
    (Massey University, 1998) Lovell, Leyton Richard
    Environmental legislation in New Zealand has required local and regional government to place a greater emphasis upon the external effects of land use. For New Zealand hill country this means a quantitative understanding of accelerated soil erosion in terms of its effects upon downstream sedimentation and subsequent flood events. This study was an investigation into the spatial distribution of soil slip erosion (NZLRI) for the Waipaoa River Catchment (~2204km2), East Cape, New Zealand. A combined Remote Sensing and GIS approach using orthorectified aerial photographs and digital elevation models was employed to investigate the topographic attributes influencing the spatial pattern of erosion, utilising a series of classified erosion maps. Of the variables examined, slope, aspect, elevation, and the soil moisture index (SMI) were quantitatively reaffirmed as controlling influences upon mass movement. The erosion maps in conjunction with hydrological flow accumulation images were also found to objectively determine thresholds for identifying stream channel networks from the DEM. The erosion maps when combined with historical data were used to construct sediment delivery ratios and sediment budgets for each landsystem investigated. The most significant influences upon landsliding were combined in a data driven model to assign a probability of landsliding for each pixel, which can later be used to create landslide susceptibility maps and assist in the allocation of soil conservation resources. Keywords: ORTHORECTIFIED AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS, DEMs, SOIL SLIP EROSION, SEDIMENT DELIVERY RATIOS, SEDIMENT BUDGETS