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Item Staging Chinese Kiwi voices : Chinese representations in New Zealand theatre : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in English at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand(Massey University, 2019) Lam, Cynthia Hiu YingThis thesis explores how Chinese Kiwi theatre makers challenge hegemonic discourses regarding representations of Chinese people in theatre. Up until 1996, narratives and representations of Chinese people in mainstream New Zealand media have been muted, objectified, or confined to fixed stereotypes. In this study, I demonstrate how four contemporary Chinese Kiwi theatre artists have (re)negotiated, reclaimed, and rewritten the subjectivity and narratives of Chinese people in New Zealand. This will be examined within the postcolonial and binational framework that is specific to Aotearoa. Through the examination of specific theatrical works by Lynda Chanwai-Earle, Renee Liang, Mei-Lin Te Puea Hansen, and Alice Canton, I demonstrate how they have challenged hegemonic discourses and Pākehā-narrated histories regarding the Chinese. Their works cover the lives of the early Chinese mining community (referred to as the ‘old Chinese’), to more contemporary representations (the ‘new Chinese’) that involve different sub-sets within the community. The relationship and tensions between Māori, Chinese and Pākehā will be analysed throughout. The subjectivity of Chinese women will also be reclaimed by debunking the stereotype of the ‘Oriental woman’ through matrilineal narratives and autobiography. Finally, the transformative and reconciliatory impact of their works will be examined and dissected. In this thesis, I argue that the work of the Chinese Kiwi artists I explore gestures to the need to negotiate the Chinese place, or ‘non-place’, within the dominant hegemonic narrative. I argue that these artists make strong claims through their work for the bicultural framework that privileges the Māori-Pākehā dialogue to be expanded to include the Chinese voice. I conclude that the Chinese Kiwi theatre artists have propelled the once muted Chinese voice from the margins, and have begun to carve a space into the dominant New Zealand narrative.Item Heavy metals and gold in waters, sediments and aquatic vegetation from the Hauraki goldfields area of New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geochemistry at Massey University(Massey University, 2000) Sabti, HuthamThe Hauraki Goldfields area and the distribution of the heavy metals and gold from this goldfield area are reviewed. The current environmental impact of base metal mining at the Tui Mine, Te Aroha and gold mining near Waihi, was investigated by analysis of local waters, stream sediments, and aquatic vegetation. Analysis of waters from the Tui and Tunakohoia Streams showed concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, lead and zinc above recommended levels for potable water in the upper parts of these waterways. The discharge of these streams into the Waihou River (sampled upstream from Te Aroha and downstream to past Paeroa) did not have any significant effect on heavy-metal concentrations in this river. Aquatic macrophytes sampled in the Waihou, Ohinemuri and Waitekauri Rivers had very high heavy-metal concentrations compared with the ambient water and should be considered as potentially useful for assessing the impact of low-metal fluxes into the waters. Gold was determined in sediments from the Ohinemuri and Waitekauri Rivers along with other heavy metals derived from sulphide mineralisation at Waihi and Waitekauri. Gold was detected in aquatic macrophytes from streams draining both the Martha Mine at Waihi and the Golden Cross Mine at Waitekauri and indicated the possibility of prospecting for gold by analysis of these plants. X-ray diffraction analysis of heavy metal fractions in stream sediments showed the presence of pyrite in the upper reaches of the Tunakohoia and Tui Streams that drain the mineralised reefs and Tui tailings dam. Relatively immobile lead (galena) was retained close to the source, whereas copper and zinc minerals were more mobile and distributed further downstream from the areas of mineralisation. The relative mobilities of gold, copper, cadmium, lead and zinc from the Tui tailing dam (a serious environmental concern) were assessed by elution of these metals from columns containing 600 g of tailing, eluted with water, ammonium thiocyanate or ammonium thiosulphate. These elutions were carried out with, or with out, amendments. When eluted with water, the heavy metals showed a mobility sequence in the order copper, cadmium, zinc, lead, gold. After elution with 0.2% ammonium thiocyanate, there was a reduced mobility of zinc, copper and cadmium compared with the water elution and increased mobility of gold, Ammonium thiocyanate is specific in solubilising gold. Lead showed enhanced mobility, perhaps due to formation of the soluble complex ion Pb(CNS)4 2-. Mobility for zinc was enhanced by ammonium thiosulphate. A laboratory investigation on foam flotation was undertaken on gold, zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium in waters. A range of variables involved at their separation from dilute solutions by batch foam flotation technique was studied. I have recently developed a method of adsorbing colloid flotation in order to concentrate gold from natural waters into a very small volume of foam prior to quantification by GFAAS. Adsorbing colloid flotation (ACF) is a separation technique with distinct advantages for removing trace elements from natural and industrial waters. These advantages are: rapid processing, simple design, small volume of final solution, low residual concentration, flexibility of operation, and moderate cost. In this method, the substance to be removed (e.g. metal ions) is adsorbed on colloidal particles or coprecipitated on a floc produced by the addition of a flocculating agent. A surfactant is then added to adsorb on the particle or floc thus rendering it hydrophobic. The metal-loaded particle is then removed by further adsorption at the surface of rising bubbles in a flotation system. Experiments were carried out by use of a 52 mm diameter, 620 mm long glass column using a glass frit of pore size 20-40 μm for bubble generation. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) a cationic surfactant, and thiourea (a complexing agent) were used either individually or in combination for removal of gold. The heavy metals included (Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb) removed by dodecyl sulfate-Na salt (NaDS) and sodium oleate(NaO). The electrolyte tolerance of adsorbing colloid flotation of heavy metals ions (Pb2+ , and Cd2+ ) from waste water was improved significantly by use of the Fe(OH)3 and NaLS (sodium laurylsulfate) system for lead removal or A1(OH)3 and HTMABr (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide) system for cadmium removal. Extraction of the gold into the foam layer was strongly dependent on the pH of the feed for which pH 11 was optimum. Adding 10 mg/L of thiourea to an equal volume of CTAB instead of CTAB alone, increased the extraction of gold to a dramatic degree. A distribution coefficient (Kd ) of 46,000 was achieved under optimum conditions. The percentage extraction reached 99%. The method was applied to a number of natural waters draining gold mines and the Tui base metal mine in the Hauraki Goldfields region. Gold values reflected the presence of mineralization in the stream and river samples. It was concluded that the method may have some use in hydrogeochemical prospecting for gold. Examples are given for the laboratory separation by foam flotation techniques of gold, zinc, copper, lead, and cadmium ions from a solution . Different technological variables that affect the process were investigated, such as concentration level, pretreatment required, pH effect, etc.Item Whakaatuhia te hītori o te iwi o Marutuahu me ōna hāpū me nga taonga o te whenua, 1850 ki 1880 = Let the story be told : the iwi of Marutuahu and the discovery of gold, 1850 to 1880 : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Art in History at Massey University, Albany(Massey University, 2006) Walsh, Judith Margaret-MaryThis thesis is a study of the interaction between Māori and Pākehā in the Hauraki region during the period 1850 to 1880. It examines the role played by the iwi of Marutuahu: Ngāti Maru, Ngāti Paoa, Ngāti Tamatera, and Ngāti Whanaunga in gold mining in the Hauraki region during this period. Three Hauraki goldfields, namely Coromandel, Thames and Ohinemuri, have been chosen as case studies to analysis the economic, political and social impact this involvement had on their lives. It offers a different perspective from what has been written previously about the participation of the tangata whenua of Hauraki in gold mining as it attempts to represent the discovery of gold from a Māori perspective. It looks at the role of the rangatira in distributing and utilizing the gold revenues, and examines at the tension that existed between their role in traditional Māori society and the impact of 'modernization'. It is argued that Māori involvement in these goldfields was primarily of an economic and entrepreneurial nature and it was due to circumstances beyond their control that they were unable to make a financial success of goldmining. This thesis concludes that the Hauraki rangatira who entered into the arrangements with the Crown to open their land for mining did so with the intention of improving the lifestyle of their people and to enable them to reap the benefits from participating in the colonial economy and that at no stage did these rangatira foresee the loss of their land and the damage that would occur to their traditional lifestyle.Item The phytoextraction of gold and palladium from mine tailings : this thesis is presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy(Massey University, 2002) Walton, DylanThe extraction of gold and palladium from a South African mine tailing (Klipfontein) and artificial substrate was examined. A variety of solutions were tested and extractants observed to dissolve large quantities of metal were subsequently used in trials investigating plant uptake of gold and palladium. Extraction by thiocyanate amended with an oxidising agent dissolved large amounts of gold and palladium from the test substrates. Various combinations of thiocyanate/Fe(III) and thiocyanate/H 2 O 2 were examined. Metal extraction in the thiocyanate/Fe(III) showed dependence on redox potential and acidity of the solution; this dependence was not observed in the thiocyanate/H 2 O 2 system where production of cyanide may be an important factor. The addition of iodide to thiocyanate/Fe(III) did not affect dissolution of metals. Thiourea was also tested. This chemical was shown to be a relatively poor extractant of gold and palladium, with and without an oxidant. Two plant species, Berkheya coddii and Brassica juncea, were investigated in plant trials. Initial experiments showed uptake of metals to be independent of plant species. Greatest metal uptake was achieved using cyanide as a chemical amendment, with nearly 500 ppm gold accumulation in B. juncea planted in artificial substrate and treated with 1 gL -1 KCN every day over 6 days. Nearly 13 ppm palladium had accumulated in these plants - the highest average concentration observed with any treatment. KCN also induced the largest metal uptake from Klipfontein substrate – nearly 1600 ppb gold and 7700 ppb palladium accumulation in B. coddii. As an exercise it was shown that the value of gold and palladium that would be recovered from a phytomining operation on Klipfontein substrate would be greater than the cost of cyanide added in such an operation. Plant uptake of gold and palladium from the mine tailing after treatment with thiocyanate plus an oxidant was poor. Gold and palladium uptake by B. coddii from artificial substrate after treatment with thiocyanate + H 2 O 2 was improved, with levels of accumulation similar to that of cyanide. Metal uptake by thiocyanate + Fe(III), however, remained poor. The conclusion of this thesis is that phytomining of gold and palladium offers large potential in both practical and research terms. The relative importance of the species thiocyanate, H 2 O 2 , and cyanide remain unknown in the thiocyanate/H 2 O 2 system and further research is needed to elucidate this behaviour.Item Mercury elimination in artisanal and small scale gold mining : progress and barriers in implementing national action plan to eliminate mercury in Indonesia (case study : Banyumas regency) : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Environmental Management at Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand(Massey University, 2017) Octaviano, Hernandi AlbetoThe artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) sector is one of the main contributors of mercury emissions Indonesia. As a result of the participation of Indonesia in the Minamata Convention on Mercury, Indonesia established the national action plan (NAP) to eliminate mercury in ASGM that started in 2014 and ends in 2018. To date, there is no report or study that discusses the implementation progress of the NAP. The aim of this research is to investigate the progress of the NAP to eliminate mercury in ASGM in Indonesia. In addition, the study aims to identify barriers for implementation of the NAP. The research in this thesis is a qualitative research that utilises a case study method, in order to gain a deep insight into how stakeholders implement the NAP. Banyumas regency is taken as the case study, since the area has extensive ASGM activities, which emit a high level of mercury into the environment. The primary data for this research is gathered through semi-structured interviews, while secondary data is obtained from institution reports, newspaper articles and government websites. The findings of this research have identified several action plans, for example: the establishment of a stakeholder’s forum at national level; a study on alternative technology; health effects and environmental tests; and training for the miners, which were all undertaken according to the NAP. However, other action plans, for example, regulations regarding formalisation of ASGM; a mercury database; alternative livelihood training; and mercury awareness included in the education curriculum are progressing slowly. In addition, there are four barriers that hinder the implementation of the NAP: institutional barriers (lack of resources, political will and poor coordination); policy barriers (lack of legal formalisation framework and policy support); technical barriers (lack of supporting tools, lack of information on ASGM and miners’ involvement, low level of trust in alternative technology and location difficulties) and socio-economic barriers (miners’ beliefs and social conditions). This research proposes several recommendations to improve the progress of the NAP and to reduce barriers toward implementation, such as improvement in financial availability by cooperating with other actors such as Bappenas, to secure the funding for the implementation of NAP and regulations improvement; strengthening the implementation of NAP by appointing leading ministries such as Coordinating Ministries of Maritime affairs to coordinate the implementation of NAP and adding participation of other actor such as academics to participate in the NAP; and developing approaches and tools to disseminate information. Keywords: artisanal and small-scale gold mining, ASGM, mercury, national action plan, implementation, barriers, Indonesia.Item Entanglements and disentanglements : a posthuman approach to mercury use in artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Antioquia, Colombia : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Social Anthropology at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand(Massey University, 2016) Robertson, Thomas JonathanThis research uses qualitative research techniques and posthuman theories to investigate the dynamic relationship between artisanal and small-scale gold miners and mercury in the context of Antioquia, Colombia. This is done to contribute to understandings of, and inform potential solutions for, the global environmental problem that is mercury pollution from artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM). Miners come to know mercury through practices, and through these practices, mercury comes to be co-constitutive of an informal ASGM industry. Mercury provides an easy yet profitable mode of gold extraction with limited capital expenditure. Eliminating the use of mercury means a re-constitution of ASGM as a formal industry with higher levels of capital investment, new actors and a shift to a more representational approach to knowing materials. The use of toxic mercury and an increase in the enforcement of mining legislation are framing miners as illegal. Formal, responsible mining is becoming a dominant reality, and informal miners who resent being labelled illegal are working to transition to this reality. Miners’ experiences of this transition vary greatly, and this variation can be explored through the lens of ecological habitus. Many miners are using mercury elimination to perform good citizenship by mining responsibly, introducing a performative aspect to formalisation. Nevertheless, miners still face significant challenges to formalisation. As a result, many miners have had to become subcontractors for large-scale mining companies, entering exploitative relationships with which mercury, through its absence, is complicit. Taking this approach towards understanding the relationship between miners and mercury has helped to resolve the conflict between material and social deterministic views of the practice of mercury use, and linked mercury to a wider political context, which is a necessary consideration for a collaborative approach with miners to eliminate mercury. Keywords: Artisanal and small-scale gold mining; ASGM; mercury; Colombia; anthropology; posthumanism; entanglements; politics of materiality; performativity; informality.Item Rehabilitation of unoxidised pyritic waste rock and tailings at Martha Hill Gold Mine, N.Z. : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Horticultural Science in Soil Science at Massey University(Massey University, 1996) Mason, Kathy AnneAt the Martha Gold and Silver Mine in Waihi, New Zealand, land disturbed by mining operations is required to be revegetated. Areas include pit walls above the natural water level, the slopes of the dam impounding the tailings and the tailings surface. The research work reported in this thesis is concerned with revegetation of acid generating material situated on the pit walls, and tailings revegetation. Hydroseeding with grass species onto pit slopes comprising unoxidised pyritic rock material proved to be unsuccessful because of acid generation which caused the pH to drop as low as 2.2 on the slope surface. Where calcite veins were present the pH was maintained at higher levels. It was found that a mixed species of hydroseeded grass grew successfully where the pH was 6.0 or above. Clover began to show signs of stress when the pH dropped to 4.5 and when the pH fell as low as 3.6, all grass died. Boreholes at a diameter of 100 mm were drilled to a depth of 500 mm into the slope surface of pyritic rock material to provide planting holes for native species at 1.5 m intervals. Toetoe, manuka, kanuka, flax and akeake all had acceptable survival rates over a ten month period. Coprosma kirkii was not successful and is not recommended for further plantings. Topsoil placed in the boreholes was found to have a beneficial effect on the overall plant survival rate, more so than the addition of lime or fertiliser. Although survival rates for native plants were acceptable over a ten month period, the objective of providing a vegetation cover that would improve the visual appearance of the slope was not achieved with 1.5 m spacings between plants. In contrast to the unoxidised pit slope material, tailings were found to have few limitations to plant growth. In 1992, two separate tailings trials were established to investigate the use of native plants as an alternative land use to pasture and the use of compost as an amendment for pasture production and native plant growth. Within the first six months following sowing, pasture dry matter yields from tailings plots with a 50 mm layer of compost applied to the surface were not significantly different from yields from tailings plots without a compost amendment although clover production was visually greater on compost plots. For subsequent cuts, compost-amended plots gave significantly higher pasture dry matter yields than nil-compost plots. Yield differences after the first six months were considered to be due to the improved P status on compost-amended plots. Yields off nil-compost plots in the first year of the 1992 trial averaged 11,000 kg DM/ha, compared to 9,000 kg DM/ha obtained from an earlier trial on an older tailings deposit (Union Hill). Yields off the compost-amended plots in the 1992 trial averaged 14,000 kg DM/ha, significantly higher than topsoil-amended plots in the Union Hill trial which yielded between 6,000 and 7,000 kg DM/ha in the first year. Yield differences between treatments of the two separate trials may have been due to differences in P status or rainfall. The survival rate for the native plants in the tailings trial (flax, cabbage tree, kanuka and Pittosporum tenufolium) was 100%. The addition of compost caused significantly higher growth rates in the first six months but beyond six months no significant differences were observed. A rehabilitation predictive model was developed for tailings rehabilitation which investigated costs and returns over a fourteen year period based on five different rehabilitation scenarios. The scenarios included the use of clay covers, resurfacing with compost in the event of a topsoil shortage, and a comparison between pasture and native plant land uses. It was found that if a clay cap was required on the tailings surface, large quantities of material would be required. Relatively high costs were found to be associated with the need for a clay cap and compost. Rehabilitation with native plant species was found to be more expensive than rehabilitation to pasture, and if treatment of surface water derived from the tailings surface was required, there would be significant added costs. Maintenance costs for natives were also found to be high and where pasture provides some revenue, further trials are required to determine whether revenue from natives timber species is possible.