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    Sticking it out : participation and discontinuation motives of young players in hockey : a New Zealand case study : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Studies in Sport Management at Massey University
    (Massey University, 2002) Bowie, Cushla
    The present study investigated the reasons why year 11, 12, 13 and recent school leavers in the Palmerston North/Manawatu area participated in, or discontinued playing hockey. A longitudinal case study was used as the research design involving three different time parts. Two hundred and eighty six subjects completed the participation or discontinuation motivation questionnaire, over the three stages, depending on whether they were participating in, or had discontinued from playing hockey. A mixed methodology approach was used to gather data, through questionnaires and interviews. A modified version of the Participation Motivation Questionnaire (PMQ) developed by Gill, Gross and Huddleston (1983) was used for the participation research, while discontinuation research was obtained based on the Sport Non-participation Scale (McNally & Orlick, 1977, cited in Ostrow, 1996) and Gaskin's Discontinuation Motivation Questionnaire (DMQ). The findings revealed multiple underlying motives for participation in hockey. A three-component factor solution in Stages One and Two demonstrated self, physical and team orientations, with Stage Three revealing a two factor solution, with self and physical/team orientations, as significant motives for participation in hockey. The findings indicate, that fun and enjoyment were salient factors in young peoples participation in hockey. Discontinuation results suggested a combination of motives as the most influential for participants' discontinuation in hockey including 'I wanted to do something else', 'I didn't have time to play hockey' and ' I wanted to play another sport'. The implications of these results for parents, coaches and administrators are that there needs to be a greater awareness as to individual's motives for playing or ceasing hockey participation. To maintain players, suggestion made are to make trainings stimulating and fun for players, help skill acquisition and improvement, provide time for players to be with friends in a learning environment. Parents, coaches and administrators need to work with practitioners to create programmes orientated toward satisfying motives of sport expressed by participants. Implications for practitioners are to be aware of changes facing youths as they enter the transitional phase, i.e. lifestyle changes, new friends, environment and teams. Areas for further research include carrying out more longitudinal studies looking at participants over a time period rather than just one moment in time. Also looking at the same sample over an extended time period to see how participant's orientation toward sport participation alters, this may also reveal whether participants who had discontinued had made a temporary or permanent decision. Qualitative in-depth interviews could be carried out with participants who have discontinued to provide the researcher with a more detailed understanding of why discontinuation took place.
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    Gendered coaching : the impact of gender on roles and qualities of elite women's field hockey coaches : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Management, Massey University, Albany, Auckland, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2000) Edwards, Margot Florence
    Field hockey in New Zealand is gender balanced in terms of numbers of female and male participants, but gender biased towards males, in terms of coaching appointments. The trend towards men increasingly dominating leadership positions in elite women's coaching, has been the focus of concerned feminist researchers for over a decade. This current study examined the early roots of field hockey history in New Zealand, noted the trend towards hegemonic male domination of coaching roles, and sought to elucidate the roles and qualities of actual elite coaches and, in particular, examine the impact of gender on the stage of elite women's field hockey. The elite level of competition, familiar to the researcher as a past field hockey international player, has been defined as one that occurs at the highest internal national (usually provincial), or international (test) levels, of sport. It is within this elite sporting setting that the impact of gender has been studied in the present research, whereby gender is viewed as a socially constructed concept, based on culturally reinforced images of masculinity and femininity, as expressed by accepted traits, roles and qualities. A variety of qualitative methods was used, each underpinned with the basal intention of capturing participant voices and portraying images of perceived realities as they emerged from a variety of scenes, including matches, team meetings, warm-ups and post-match evaluations. The study concentrated on three provincial women's teams over a period spanning three years. Participant images were also captured from observations with the New Zealand women's hockey team during their build up to World Cup in Holland in 1998. Furthermore, interviews with provincial women's hockey coaches, and a questionnaire of provincial hockey players, added further data for analysis. Integral to the research process was the systematic critical reflection of the researcher, her chief supervisor, and main subjects of the study. Participant observation, semi-structured coach interviews, and player questionnaires generated data from a variety of research settings. These data were subjected to grounded theory analysis to create a master list of categories and properties that, in turn, generated theoretical propositions about coach roles, coach qualities, the impact of gender, and coach development. The theoretical propositions became the basis of a model explicating the impact of gender on the setting of elite women' field hockey. Critical to this model were the three realms of administrators, coaches, and players. Interactions between each realm were perceived by the researcher as occurring through a centrally placed 'gender archetype' proposed as a domain of social field moderation. The degree to which the archetype impacted on each setting varied, according to societal and individual perceptions of gender. Critical gender issues were raised through this study in terms of men coaching women at the elite level. These were especially noted in terms of: gendered beliefs and attitudes, physical myths and realities, confidence and competence, and sex and sexuality. Significant aspects of this research's findings included: the large number of roles undertaken by elite women's hockey coaches; the prime importance of communication and leadership in terms of both roles and qualities; and the lack of support mechanisms utilised by, and provided for, coaches. The study noted the difficulties associated with recruitment and retention of women in elite roles and highlighted the need for administrators to develop proactive programmes to foster women in such roles, and to educate men committed to women's hockey, about gender issues raised in this study.