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    Indigenous entrepreneurial ecosystems: a comparison of Mapuche entrepreneurship in Chile and Māori entrepreneurship in Aotearoa New Zealand
    (Cambridge University Press in association with Australian and New Zealand Academy of Management, 2024-01) Mika JP; Felzensztein C; Tretiakov A; Macpherson WG
    Indigenous entrepreneurial ecosystem development is not addressed in research. We define and characterise Indigenous entrepreneurial ecosystems and their evolution based on a qualitative study comparing Indigenous entrepreneurship in Chile and in Aotearoa New Zealand. We draw on interviews with 10 Mapuche entrepreneurs in Araucanía and 10 Māori entrepreneurs in the Bay of Plenty, observation, and a literature review to address the question - how does an Indigenous entrepreneurial ecosystem develop along with the social, economic, and political development of mainstream society? We find that Indigenous entrepreneurial ecosystems evolve with the economic and social environments of their countries because of an internal imperative towards cultural continuity and the resilience of culture to change. We find that mature Indigenous entrepreneurial ecosystems are associated with higher states of development and support a broader range of business models. Implications for policy, practice, and research are discussed.
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    Indigenous networks: Broadening insight into the role they play, and contribution to the academy
    (Academy of Management, 2020-08-01) Mika, JP; Henry, E; Wolfgramm, T; Taneja, S
    This paper evolved from a study of Maori business networks in New Zealand in 2018. The findings from that study led to an expanded research, based on further case studies with Indigenous peoples in Canada and the United States in 2019. The research contributes to the small but burgeoning Indigenous development literature. It more specifically focuses on the role these networks play, and the ways they raise the social, cultural and spiritual capital of Indigenous communities, which in turn holds the potential to impact on Indigenous enterprise, self-determination and development. This is particularly important, given the shared history of colonial conquest, economic and social disenfranchisement, and the diminution of Indigenous cultures, traditions, and economic and political sovereignty. This study broadens the insight of the academy into Indigenous enterprise, encourages greater collaboration between Indigenous peoples and non-Indigenous scholars, and proposes the idea that networking may enhance spiritual capital for Indigenous and non- Indigenous peoples and enterprise."
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    Manahau: Toward an Indigenous Māori theory of value
    (Springer, 16/02/2022) Mika JP; Dell K; Newth J; Houkamau C; Vandekerckhove, W
    The theoretical challenge posed by this paper is to find a conceptualisation of value for entrepreneurship theory grounded in Indigenous knowledge from a Māori perspective capable of guiding entrepreneurs operating for sustainability and wellbeing. We review Western and Māori theories of value, values, and valuation. We argue that Indigenous concepts of value centre on collective wellbeing as opposed to self-interest, and have spiritual and material elements. The paper proposes a tentative Māori theory of value we call manahau, which combines mana (power, authority, and dignity) and hau (vitality of people, places, and objects). We define manahau as an axiological agent Māori entrepreneurs employ to synergistically negotiate cultural and commercial imperatives to achieve multidimensional wellbeing, human potential, and relational balance. We discuss research which illustrates manifestations of manahau in the Māori cultural ethics of utu (reciprocity) in Māori entrepreneurship and tauutuutu (reciprocity and balance) in Māori agribusiness. We argue that an Indigenous Māori theory of value has implications for entrepreneurship theory and practice.