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    Effects of routine treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs at calving and when lame on the future probability of lameness and culling in dairy cows: A randomized controlled trial
    (Elsevier B.V, 2022-07) Wilson JP; Green MJ; Randall LV; Rutland CS; Bell NJ; Hemingway-Arnold H; Thompson JS; Bollard NJ; Huxley JN
    Claw horn lesions (CHL) are reported as the most common cause of lameness in intensive dairy systems. Despite their prevalence, the underlying pathological mechanisms and preventive strategies for CHL remain poorly understood. Recent advances have pointed to the role of inflammation in disease aetiopathogenesis. Moderating inflammation from first calving may lead to long-term benefits and a viable intervention for treating and preventing disease. We conducted a 34-mo randomized controlled trial to investigate the effects of routine treatment with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen at calving and during treatment for lameness, on the future probability of lameness and culling, caused by exposure to normal farm conditions. A cohort of dairy heifers were recruited from a single, commercial dairy herd between January 8, 2018, and June 22, 2020, and randomly allocated to one of 4 treatment groups before first calving. The lactating herd was lameness scored every 2 wk on a 0 to 3 scale, to identify animals that became lame (single score ≥2a) and hence required treatment. Animals in group 1 received a therapeutic trim and a hoof block on the sound claw (if deemed necessary) every time they were treated for lameness. Animals in group 2 received the same treatment as group 1 with the addition of a 3-d course of ketoprofen (single dose daily) every time they were treated for lameness. Animals in group 3 received the same treatment as group 2 with the addition of a 3-d course of ketoprofen (single dose daily) starting 24 to 36 h after each calving. Animals in group 4 received a 3-d course of ketoprofen (single dose daily) every time they were identified with lameness. No therapeutic trim was administered to this group, unless they were identified as severely lame (a single score ≥3a). Animals were followed for the duration of the study (ending October 23, 2020). Probability of lameness was assessed by a lameness outcome score collected every 14 d. Data on culling was extracted from farm records. One hundred thirty-two animals were recruited to each group, with data from 438 animals included in the final analysis (111 in group 1, 117 in group 2, 100 in group 3, and 110 in group 4). Mixed effect logistic regression models were used to evaluate the effect of treatment group on the ongoing probability of lameness. Compared with the control group (group 1), animals in group 3 were less likely to become lame (odds ratio: 0.66) and severely lame (odds ratio: 0.28). A Cox proportional hazards survival model was used to investigate the effect of treatment group on time to culling. Compared with group 1, animals in groups 2 and 3 were at reduced risk of culling (hazard ratios: 0.55 and 0.56, respectively). The lameness effect size we identified was large and indicated that treating a cohort of animals with the group 3 protocol, would lead to an absolute reduction in population lameness prevalence of approximately 10% and severe lameness prevalence of 3%, compared with animals treated in accordance with conventional best practice (group 1).
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    The use of thermal nociceptive threshold testing to assess the effect of analgesic drugs on the pain response of dairy cattle : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Veterinary Science in Veterinary Clinical Sciences at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2012) Barrett, Lorelle Anne
    Painful procedures are routinely performed on cattle and the use of analgesia can abate this pain. Thermal nociceptive threshold (TNT) testing is used to assess pain sensitivity and the effect that painful conditions and analgesia have on this. However, little work has used TNT testing in cattle for these purposes. This research was carried out to determine if TNT testing could be used to assess the effects of analgesic drugs in both pain-free cattle and those that had undergone liver biopsy. A carbon dioxide laser was used as the noxious thermal stimulus. In the first experiment, the effects of an alpha2-adrenoreceptor agonist (medetomidine) and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (ketoprofen) were compared with the effect of saline on TNTs of pain-free cattle. TNTs were measured 20 minutes before treatments were administered, then again at 20, 40 and 60 minutes after treatment. Medetomidine significantly increased the cows’ TNT at 60 minutes post-treatment. This increased TNT may be due to the central analgesic properties of the drug. Ketoprofen had no effect on TNTs. In the second experiment, TNTs were measured to determine if different analgesic protocols moderated central sensitisation that may have occurred after liver biopsy. Behavioural observations were also used to assess pain in the post-biopsy period. Cows were assigned into one of four groups: control (local anaesthetic (LA) + sham-biopsy); LA + biopsy; LA + ketoprofen + biopsy; LA + meloxicam + biopsy. TNTs were measured 1 day before liver biopsy was performed, and once daily on the 3 days post-biopsy. Behavioural observations were made in the 4 hours after biopsy and on the 3 days post-biopsy. TNTs of biopsied cows did not differ from sham-biopsy cows. This may be because liver biopsy did not induce central sensitisation, or because the TNT method used did not reflect localised hyperalgesia. Behaviour also did not differ between treatment groups. These findings suggest that liver biopsy as it was performed here does not induce significant pain in cattle. It is concluded that TNT testing may be useful to investigate the effects of some analgesics on the acute pain response of pain-free cattle, but it has not been useful in demonstrating central sensitisation after liver biopsy. Further development and refinement of the methodology is required in order for this technique to be of future use for similar research in cattle.