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    Changing employment under a changing mode of development : with special reference to Palmerston North : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Geography at Massey University, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 1993) O'Neill, Caroline
    The old Fordist mode of development is being replaced by a Flexible mode of development. A new regime of accumulation, modes of regulation and technologies are being formed giving rise to new ways of organising business. Firms are restructuring to maintain profitability and this is having profound effects on labour and the way we work. Employment is becoming more casualised through increased use of part-time, temporary and sub-contracted labour. New social groups are being brought into the workforce and new productive spaces are being created to complement a flexible business organisation. At a regional level, the experiences are dependent upon historical and geographical conditions which give rise to regional uniqueness. Palmerston North displays regional uniqueness in terms of a high dependence on the Government sector and on service industries. It is aided by its geographical location and amenities such as Massey University. However, because of its place in a capitalist nation and global economy it is subject to similar forces that affect other regions thereby producing similar employment patterns. Such employment patterns include a decline in full-time employment with rises in part-time employment, self-employment and unemployment. Those employed in the service industry are increasing along with those employed in managerial or administrative occupations. Manufacturing employment is decreasing. These trends are reshaping work and regions.
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    An investigation of regional income and employment multipliers in forest based industries in New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Geography at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1980) Aldwell, Patrick Hauiti Bleriot
    Income and employment multipliers are used to estimate the likely impact of forest-based industries in four regions of New Zealand: Northland, Rotorua, Westland, and Otago. The results obtained for each region are used to determine the variability of multipliers from one region to another and to evaluate the loss of potential income and employment as a consequence of leakage effects. Regional income multipliers are calculated using the Keynesian model while regional employment multipliers are calculated using an ad hoc model designed to take into consideration the influences of regional variations in under-employment. The data for the study were obtained from a questionnaire survey of sector plants and employees in each study region. Where appropriate supporting data were derived from published statistics. Estimated values for the calculated multipliers fall between 1.20 and 1.80. These figures suggest that the leakage factor resulting from high regional imports, taxation, and unspent profits may be larger than previously believed. It is also concluded that regional income and employment multipliers vary from one region to another for a wide variety of reasons, many of which relate to plant characteristics rather than to regional characteristics. For this reason it may be more appropriate to calculate multipliers for individual plants in the regional context rather than regional multipliers based on the combined and multivariate impacts of a group of plants.
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    Unemployment : some aspects of the New Zealand experience, 1960-1981 : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Economics
    (Massey University, 1984) Hicks, John Robert Llewellyn
    In the late 1960s both Friedman and Phelps argued that there existed a "natural" rate of unemployment which could not be reduced in the long run through an expansion of demand without accelerating inflation. The co-existence of rising unemployment and spiralling inflation throughout much of the 1970s was seen as evidence in support of the propositions of Friedman and Phelps and led to the conclusion that the natural rate of unemployment had risen and was continuing to rise. Theoretical support was provided by the development of job-search theory which attributed the rise in unemployment to rational, voluntary decisions on the part of the unemployed. This thesis examines the unemployment experience of New Zealand. over the period 1960-1981 in the context of the job-search model. That New Zealand has an unemployment problem is established in Part One by a comparative study of New Zealand data with that from seven other industrialized nations. This study also depicts the pattern of New Zealand's unemployment experience and shows it to be in keeping with the search model as it is subsequently developed in Part Two. Our representation of the search model enables us to identify a number of tests of search in the New Zealand context and these are conducted in Part Three. Not unexpectedly the empirical analysis is hindered by the paucity of labour force data in New Zealand. Although some attempt is made to adjust the data to meet our needs this is only partially successful and care must therefore be taken in interpreting the results. In general we find that there is some evidence for the existence of the phenomenon of search in the New Zealand labour market but that its contribution to the rise in unemployment since the mid 1970s is negligible.
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    From job creation to training, 1840-1990 : a descriptive analysis of the development and demise of job creation policy as the mainstay of state responses to unemployment in New Zealand : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social Policy at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 1994) Mulengu, Andrew Punabantu
    New Zealand, for much of the present century has been regarded by other English speaking nations as boldly experimenting in the development of social policy; but is currently taking the dismantling of the welfare state further than most western countries. This thesis provides a historical analysis of job creation for the unemployed, which was provided by the state on a relatively large scale (relative to the size of the New Zealand population), from the earliest days of colonisation in the 1840s until it was virtually phased out inthe mid-1980s. The thesis examines the competing ideas and interests which conditioned the adoption, growth, fluctuations in the eventual demise of job creation as the mainstay of the New Zealand state's responses to unemployment. In particular, it examines the impact of the various sets of ideas about work and human nature which were brought to New Zealand in the course of colonisation by the British; and the extent to which the colonisers were able to recreate patterns of work and dependency from Britain. The study of job creation in New Zealand is a history of conflict based on class interests. One task of the thesis is to show how the state has responded in different periods to demands from working men for the 'right to work'. However, it is also a history of the reinforcing of ancient divisions of labour along lines of gender and ethnicity, and of the relative privileging of 'pakeha' (white, European) men in terms of their access to paid work provided by the state. Job creation for the unemployed has been a site of both conflict and compromise between (mainly male) labour and capital throughout the post-colonisation period in New Zealand. This thesis provides an in-depth study of the ways in which such conflict and compromise contributed to the development, form and eventual demise of job creation in New Zealand.