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Item Yields and quality components of maize hybrids for silage : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science in Agronomy at Massey University(Massey University, 1996) Villaver, Ronaldo C.Seven maize hybrids were evaluated at Frewens Block, Massey University, Palmerston North to determine the effects of hybrid and plant population on yield and yield components, nutritive value, dry matter (DM) partitioning and N%. The range of maturity of the seven hybrids varied from early to full season. The seven hybrids were P3902, Janna, CF1, Furio P3751, P3585 and CG900 each planted at 75,000; 100,000 and 140,000 plants/ha. Plant height, leaf number and yield were measured at 50% silking. Three subsequent samples were taken for estimation of yield, the final yield being at 30-35% whole crop dry matter %. "In Vitro" Digestibility and Kjeldahl N analysis was done by Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Massey University on the grain, leaf, stem and husk components for the 100,000 plants/ha population only. The effect of hybrid on crop development was closely related to relative maturity. P3902 and Janna, both early maturing hybrids were quickest to reach 50% silking and blacklayer, followed by medium (CF1, P3751, Furio) and late maturing (CG900, P3751) hybrids. Heat unit accumulation of each hybrid followed a similar pattern. Plant height and leaf number differed significantly among hybrids and was related to maturity ranking. Hybrid CF1 achieved the highest (20,046 kg/ha) whole crop DM yield at final harvest while Janna produced the lowest (15,776 kg/ha) yield. The 75,000 plants/ha plant population yielded significantly less than 100,000 and 140,000 plants/ha. There was no difference between the 100,000 and 140,000 plant populations. This study confirmed the present recommended plant population of 100,000 plants/ha for maize silage. Dry matter partitioning at final harvest revealed the highest proportion in the grain component followed by the stem, husk and leaf. Total metabolizable energy (ME) content ranged from 11.3 MJME/kg DM to 10.28 MJME/kg DM. The ME content of CF1 was significantly higher than all other hybrids. Final yield was not correlated with the relative contribution to yield in any of the components or with N % in the crop. However, total metabolisable energy content was correlated with its ME components in the grain, leaf, husk and stem. There were no significant hybrid differences in whole crop N % which ranged from 1.07 to 1.16%. Nitrogen % of total DM was strongly correlated to N% in the grain and moderately correlated to N % in the stem and in the leaf. NHI was highly correlated with % grain. CF1 was the best performing hybrid, having highest yield, metabolizable energy and N %. However, among six commercial maize silage hybrids (CF1 is excluded being a non-commercial hybrid at the time of experiment) tested, P3902, Furio, P3585 are the preferred hybrids for early, medium and full season, respectively. The performance of CF1 suggests that there is considerable potential for improving the agronomic characteristics of maize hybrids for silage production in New Zealand through local plant breeding programmes.Item Maize silage : a study of the nutritive value of ensiled Zea mays L. for growth in young cattle : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Agricultural Science in Animal Science at Massey University(Massey University, 1973) Smith, Alexander LockwoodAn experiment is described in which the nutritive value of New Zealand produced maize silage, harvested at the dent-glaze stage of maturity, was investigated. Of central interest in the study was the adeauacy of the protein content of the maize silage for supporting growth in young cattle. Following a six-week standardisation period, 15 Friesian steers, eight months of age, were each allocated to one of three treatments in an experiment of randomised block, covariance design. While maize silage either alone (MS) or supplemented with biuret (MSB), formed two of the treatments, it was considered necessary to include a ration of better known nutritive value as a form of control. Hay and barley meal (HB) was selected for this purpose. During a six-week comparison period, ration physical and chemical analyses were made; dry matter (DM) and component digestibilities and intakes, nitrogen (N) utilisation, and liveweight gain by the steers ware measured. Identical recordings were made during the standardisation period for use in covariance analyses. Throughout the study emphasis was placed on animal performance (liveweight gain) as the prime criterion of nutritive value, the other parameters measured being considered to characterise that nutritive value as components of it. Mean rates of liveweight gain during the comparison period were similar for all three groups (0.44, 0.52 and 0.51 kg/day for the HB, MS and MSB treatments respectively). Liveweight gains adjusted for DM intake, however, significantly favoured the MSB treatment in comparison with the HB (P<0.05) and MS (P<0.10) treatments. The possibility that this superior efficiency of the MSB treatment was a result of unaccounted bias is discussed. Notwithstanding the reasonably convincing evidence presented in favour of the reliability of the finding, the possibility that it was merely an artifact could not be unequivocally excluded. The apparent equivalence of the MSB treatment to, if not superiority over the HB treatment, was difficult to reconcile with the recorded DM digestibilities and digestible energy intakes (62, 14.7 megacals./dav and 67, 18.1 megacals./day respectively, for the MS and HB treatments). Enhanced efficiency of utilisation of metabolisable energy mediated via increased post-ruminal digestion is suggested as a possible explanation for this unusual finding. Jf the efficiency advantage of the MSB over the MS treatment was truly a nutritional effect, it can only be ascribed to the presence of biuret in the former ration. While evidence presented would suggest some utilisation of the supplemental biuret by the rumen microbes, the extent is clearly indicated by the N retention results to be limited. It was found that New Zealand produced maize silage, harvested at the dent-glaze stage of maturity (33% DM) had physical and chemical compositions closely approximating those of the American produced material. When fed as a sole ration to young growing cattle, levels of DM intake (2.6-2.7% of liveweight) potentially conducive to rapid rates of liveweight pain (i.e. greater than 0.75 kg/day) may be expected. The presept results would however suggest that the digestibility of the gross energy (61%) may impose a ceiling of 0.75 kg/day on potential rates of gain. The possibility of bias in the estimation of both intakes and digestibilities, resulting from the use of the oven-drying technique in determining silage DM contents, is discussed. It would seem that both the DM digestibilities and digestible enegy intakes recorded in the present study, may be consistently low. It is concluded that maize silage with a 9-10% crude protein content can support growth rates in young cattle of 0.5 kg/day, at least in the short term. With the intake and digestibility data recorded in the study described being of a level sufficient to support greater rates of liveweight gain, it would seem reasonable to suggest, assuming no vitamin or mineral deficiencies, that protein availability to the steers fed maize silage was limiting growth rate. The present study does support a response to N supplementation (biuret) although the finding is adopted with caution. The evidence is inconclusive. It is therefore suggested that the need exists for a further more specific study of the adequacy of the protein content of maize silage for growth in young cattle. A longer period of maize silage feeding, and the inclusion of a treatment containing a natural protein supplement would be considered essential.