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1997 - 19982

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    The Sealord deal : a failed attempt at modernisation : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy in Development Studies at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1997) Moon, Evan Paul
    This theses commences with a review of the salient features of Modernisation Theory , and the way in which this theory can be shaped to apply to the situation of Maori in New Zealand in the 1990s. The next two chapters look at the history leading up to the Sealord Deal and consider this period of development in conjunction with issues of Maori sovereignty. The focus is on the problematic issues surrounding the definitions of sovereignty, and issues of rights and ownership which flow from these definitions. Following on from this is a consideration of the Treaty of Waitangi as a reference point for establishing Maori rights to the fisheries, and how the provisions and principles of the Treaty have been applied through the mechanism of the Waitangi Tribunal. Chapters five and six cover the evolution of the New Zealand fishing industry from the early 1980s up until 1992. Attention is paid in particular to the effect of the substantial restructuring of the fishing industry during this period on Maori participation in commercial fisheries. The subsequent chapters analyse the content and nature of the Sealord Deal itself, the various responses from Maori and from politicians to the Deal, and consequences which flowed from the settlement. At this juncture, consideration is given to the divisions the Deal fostered among Maori, including the growing distinction between those Maori who identify as iwi Maori - basing their identity on ancestry, and those who perceive themselves as urban Maori - based on their present location. Finally, this thesis concludes that the Sealord Deal did not only fail to meet the expectations of Maori, but also that it can be seen as a ineffectual attempt on behalf of the Crown at achieving modernisation. By the end of 1992, most Maori were opposed to the Deal, and five years after the Sealord Deal was passed into law, issues relating to the allocation of benefits form the company have yet to be resolved.
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    The occupation of Moutoa Gardens-Pakaitore Marae : a discourse analysis : a thesis presented in partial fulfulment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor Philosophy in Psychology at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1998) Praat, Angelique; Praat, Angelique
    In 1995, inter-ethnic relations between Maori, the indigenous people of New Zealand, and the New Zealand Government came to a head when a group of Maori occupied a public reserve in Wanganui. Issues of colonial injustice in the form of land and sovereignty claims were brought to the fore. The aims of this research were to identify and critically analyse the arguments Pakeha (people of European descent) employed to make sense of the protest and these issues. Interview texts of twenty Pakeha who were interested in, or involved with resolving the occupation were examined. Participants' constructions of sovereignty, land, local concerns and the law were explicated using the discourse analytic suggestions of Potter and Wetherell (1987), Parker (1992) and Foucault (1982). Analyses focused on the constitution of objects, subject positions and power relations in participant's texts. Three constructions of Maori sovereignty emerged. Two constituted Maori sovereignty as Maori desire to govern New Zealand or share sovereignty with the Crown, and the third construed Maori sovereignty as a process of consultation between Maori and the Crown. Land claims were generally construed as significant and in need of redress, although the claim to the land under occupation was contested. The implications of constructing the land under occupation as a marae or public gardens were explored. Examination of the debate surrounding the future of monuments offensive to local Whanganui Iwi located in the public reserve, revealed that accountability for Council's failure to attend to the monuments was differentially attributed to Council or Iwi. Law and order issues were construed as the paramount concern of the citizens of Wanganui. Varying constructions of the law in relation to the occupation allowed for its continuation or called for its conclusion. Analyses demonstrated that the occupiers concerns were undermined or warranted through appeals to rationality, knowledge and equality arguments. The social and political implications of these arguments were explored.