Massey Documents by Type
Permanent URI for this communityhttps://mro.massey.ac.nz/handle/10179/294
Browse
2 results
Search Results
Item Behaviour and activity budgeting of reproductive kiwi in a fenced population : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Science in Zoology at Massey University, Manawatu(Massey University, 2018) Robertson, JillanaNorth Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) are flightless, nocturnal, usually solitary, and secretive birds, so knowledge of their behaviour is limited. In this study, I endeavoured to obtain a more detailed understanding of adult kiwi behaviour within two pest fenced areas focusing around the breeding season at the 3363 ha Maungatautari Scenic Reserve in Waikato, New Zealand. Within Maungatautari’s pest free enclosures, I attempted to determine male and female activity patterns over 24-hours from activity transmitter data; document diurnal and nocturnal behaviours of kiwi using video cameras; determine size and distribution of home ranges; and establish patterns of selection of daytime shelter types. Male kiwi were fitted with Wild Tech “chick timer” transmitters which recorded activity for the previous seven days. Incubating males spent significantly less time active than non incubating males with some activity occurring during the daytime. Non-incubating male activity duration decreased but activity as a proportion of night length increased with decreasing night length. Less active incubating males, suggesting more time caring for eggs, had more successful clutches. Female activity was recorded using an Osprey receiver/datalogger and 30x60x90 pulse activity transmitters. Proportional activity was not correlated with night length and some female kiwi had extensive activity during the day which likely involved leaving their shelters. The occurrence of post-dawn activity was highly likely due to prior knowledge of feeding conditions. Efforts to obtain video footage of kiwi were only possible during daytime in shelters. Kiwi mostly slept during the day but they also scratched, stretched, preened, excavated, defecated, yawned, fed and sniffed. When a mate was present kiwi overall slept less. Mate preening was recorded for the first time. Significant differences in home range sizes were found between all male and female kiwi in both enclosures, and males and females in the southern enclosure. Home range overlap occurred only between females and unpaired birds. Shelter proximity to streams was significant, and reproductive status and water availability may be strong drivers determining home range location for Maungatautari enclosure kiwi. Dead vegetation matter and then underground cavities were the broad shelter types most used by kiwi and at a more detailed level, Windrows. Exploited Root Systems, Downed Logs, and Downed Masses were selected. Shelters were rarely re-used most likely due to an abundance of available shelters. Access to permanent water courses should be considered when considering habitat options for new kiwi populations as it helps ensure food availability. As well, the presence of abundant coarse woody debris creates high quality habitat for sheltering. Kiwi did not appear to be negatively impacted by the size of the enclosures at Maungatautari, and the population was healthy there during the course of this study.Item Dispersal : the effects of phenotype and habitat selection in reintroduced populations : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Conservation Biology at Massey University, Manawatū, New Zealand(Massey University, 2015) Richardson, Kate MackinnonDispersal is a complex behaviour, recognised as the primary mechanism by which gene flow occurs. In the field of reintroduction biology, dispersal can influence reintroduction success both positively and negatively, yet the mechanisms underpinning dispersal in reintroduced populations are not well understood. Extensive literature is now available on the proximate forces driving natal dispersal, and in this thesis I draw on this field to inform our understanding of dispersal processes in reintroduced populations. It is widely accepted that both internal state (phenotype) and the external environment have multi-causal effects on natal dispersal patterns across three recognised phases of movement (departure, exploration, settlement), but the relationship to post-release dispersal is less well understood. I use reintroduced populations of an endangered passerine, the hihi (stitchbird, Notiomystis cincta), to answer specific research questions regarding the proximate factors driving both postrelease and natal dispersal in this species. I first examine phenotypic variation in behavioural traits (personality) in my study species, in particular the effects of early natal nutrition on the expression of personality, and the influences on subsequent survival and dispersal. I find complex relationships between natal nutrition and personality that are sex-specific, and that “bold” individuals have higher survival probabilities. I find evidence for a relationship between personality and natal dispersal patterns in one study population, but not in another. I then examine the influence of internal state (personality, early natal nutrition and degree of inbreeding) on post-release dispersal of newly translocated hihi at two sites, and find that all these factors affect dispersal behaviour in the initial post-release and exploration phases. I then examine the role of the external environment on both natal and post-release dispersal using species distribution models. There is a strong social effect in habitat selection of natal dispersers, but no detectable social effect in habitat selection of post-release dispersers, and evidence for use of physical characteristics of the environment in habitat selection at both stages. Finally, I discuss the wider implications of dispersal to reintroduction biology. I advocate for careful consideration of proposed release sites, and an integrated landscape approach within reintroduction planning.