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Item The spirit of motivational interviewing : as an apparatus of governmentality : an analysis of training materials : thesis submitted in requirement of the degree of Master of Arts in Sociology, Massey University, Manawatu(Massey University, 2008) Carton, James AnthonyThe practice of motivational interviewing commonly used in the alcohol and other drug treatment field serves as an apparatus of governmentality. to position 'client' and 'clinician' amenable to forms of governance particular to the neo liberal context. Reading materials used to teach motivational interviewing to Alcohol and Other Drug Studies certificate, diploma and graduate level students, which included summaries, diagrams, articles, mathematical devices, screening tools and acronyms, were analysed to assess their discursive effects in making up subjectivity of clinicians and clients. It was found that these simultaneously positioned the client as an active self-governing autonomous subject and a professionalized clinician imprecated in the creation of that subject client. In these materials the client is constituted, as having active responsibility for self-care. Simultaneously the clinician interpellates the client into this project through various micro-practices. I conclude that, although alcohol and other drug workers pride themselves on the emancipatory nature of their work, they are enrolled in a project that is politically conservative and individualising. Alcohol and other drug workers have historically addressed the effects of marginalisation, inevitably recommending the collective in addiction recovery. In order to honour the ethos of this work they need to interrogate the micro practices whereby they have been enrolled. This contemporary neo liberal project acts to split clients from older communities of understanding to an individuality based on the hyper rational and prudential self.Item The efficacy of motivational interviewing with offenders : an outcome and process evaluation : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology at Massey University(Massey University, 2008) Austin, Kevin PaulThis research comprised an evaluation of a motivational interviewing programme, the Short Motivational Programme (SMP), delivered by the Department of Corrections and adapted for use with incarcerated offenders. The evaluation consisted of two components: outcome and process. Outcome Results indicated that offenders' motivation to change significantly increased from pre to post the SMP (eta squared =.19, p<.05), and a sub-group of offenders demonstrated that motivation to change was maintained at follow-up. This result, given the sample's risk of recidivism demographic, provided evidence for the SMP's efficacy with high risk offenders. Process On a measure of motivational interviewing skills, psychologists demonstrated full competence only in the use of direction, although global clinician ratings, percent open questions, evocation, collaboration, autonomy and empathy approached competence. Other than, "rolling with resistance", offenders reported strongly experiencing motivational interviewing principles during the SMP. Lastly, offenders who experienced the motivational interviewing principles to the greater extent did not demonstrate any greater increases in motivation to change from pre to post the SMP and at follow-up. These findings are discussed and recommendations are made for further research.Item The process of motivational interviewing with offenders : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Clinical Psychology at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand(Massey University, 2012) Austin, Kevin PaulMotivational interviewing (MI) is a form of client-centred psychotherapy that resolves ambivalence and elicits motivation to change problem behaviours (Miller & Rollnick, 2009). An emerging theory suggests that MI works through the combination of a relational component and the goal directed application of MI methods to evoke and reinforce change talk (Miller & Rose, 2009). A process study was conducted on an adaptation of MI for offenders, the Short Motivational Programme (SMP). The SMP combines MI and cognitive behavioural content across five sessions to enhance motivation for change among medium risk offenders (Devereux, 2009). A single-case design and descriptive statistics were employed and supplemented with inferential statistics. The MI Skills Code 2.1 (Miller, Moyers, Ernst, & Amrhein, 2008) was used to rate the language of 12 facilitators and 26 offenders during 98 video-recorded SMP sessions. There was some evidence that facilitators were less able to use specific MI methods during sessions that included cognitive behavioural content. Offenders’ ambivalence about changing offending behaviour was most pronounced during sessions that included cognitive behavioural content. Offenders’ change and committing change talk was highest during sessions without cognitive behavioural content. Offenders who completed the SMP with more commitment to change demonstrated less ambivalence during earlier sessions. The relational component of MI appeared to be related to whether offenders completed the SMP. There was some evidence to support a relationship between the use of MI consistent methods and offender change talk. The use of MI inconsistent methods and a lack of MI consistent methods were related to ambivalence about changing criminal behaviour and premature exit from the SMP. These results suggested that facilitators should judiciously avoid the use of MI inconsistent methods and strategically employ MI consistent methods to reduce offenders’ ambivalence about change. The integration of cognitive behavioural content and MI needs to be carefully considered in reference to the aim of each session, the subsequent session, and the programme’s overall goal.