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    A study of ecological interaction between introduced and indigenous plant species in the Manawatu district, North Island, New Zealand : a thesis presented at Massey Agricultural College for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of New Zealand
    (Massey University, 1957) Carnahan, John Andrew
    The object of the present work has been to investigate, for one district of New Zealand, the sociological relations between the indigenous plant species and those introduced to the country by man. The result of the invasion of New Zealand by people of European origin, and by the plants and animals that they introduced, has been well described by Clark (1949: V) as "a revolutionary change in the character of a region, which occurred in a period of less than two centuries". From the botanical point of view, Cockayne (1928: 361) has said of the present situation: "There are two distinct areas, the one dominated by primitive New Zealand conditions and the other by such as approximate to those of Europe, while between these extremes is a gradual range of intermediates". Allan (1940: 7) has pointed out that: "A new flora and a new vegetation have come into being alongside of, intermingled with, or in place of the indigenous flora and vegetation". Cockayne's "two distinct areas" have been studied in some detail by New Zealand botanists. A great deal has been written about the indigenous communities on the one hand, and about the artificial (economic) communities of introduced plants on ths other. However, much less attention seems to have been paid to the consequences of the contact between the two floras and the two vegetations.
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    The chloroplast genome of Arthropodium bifurcatum : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biological Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2010) Cox, Simon James Lethbridge
    This thesis describes the application of high throughput (Illumina) short read sequencing and analyses to obtain the chloroplast genome sequence of Arthropodium bifurcatum and chloroplast genome markers for future testing of hypotheses that explain geographic distributions of Rengarenga – the name Maori give to species of Arthropodium in New Zealand. It has been proposed that A.cirratum was translocated from regions in the north of New Zealand to zones further south due to its value as a food crop. In order to develop markers to test this hypothesis, the chloroplast genome of the closely related A.bifurcatum was sequenced and annotated. A range of tools were used to handle the large quantities of data produced by the Illumina GAIIx. Programs included the de novo assembler Velvet, alignment tools BWA and Bowtie, the viewer Tablet and the quality control program SolexaQA. The A.bifurcatum genome was then used as a reference to align long range PCR products amplified from multiple accessions of A.cirratum and A.bifurcatum sampled from a range of geographic locations. From this alignment variable SNP markers were identified. Putative gene annotations for A.bifurcatum were compared to published chloroplast genomes from the Magnoliids and Monocot clades. Interesting similarities and differences have been detected and these have been discussed.