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    Phosphine-porphyrin conjugates : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masterate of Science in Chemistry at Massey University, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2000) Lun, David James
    The research carried out in this thesis comprises an investigation into the synthesis and characterisation of a variety of complexed phosphine-aldehydes, complexed phosphinoporphyrins, and phosphinoferrocene conjugates. The porphyrin and phosphine moieties are linked together via the vinyl group, a product of Wittig chemistry. In general, functionalisation occurs at the β-pyrrolic position of the porphyrin and at the para position of a phenyl group on the phosphine. Chapter One introduces the properties of porphyrins and the triphenylphosphine ligand, as well as a brief review on the types of functionalised triphenylphosphines. A brief review of existing phosphinoporphyrins is also discussed. The proposal for using the vinylic linking group (and hence Wittig chemistry) to connect the porphyrin and the phosphine moieties is also described. Chapter Two outlines the synthesis of the 4-(diphenylphosphino)benzaldehyde (5) ligand, which is a necessary precursor for the Wittig reaction with meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) phosphonium salt (1). It was discovered that the Wittig reaction of (1) with (5) led to the synthesis of the product of oxidation, phosphinoporphyrin oxide (7), instead of the desired phosphinoporphyrin (6). Therefore an alternative scheme was pursued - complexation before the Wittig reaction. Hence the remainder of the chapter describes both the synthesis and characterisation aspects of five transition metal complexes of (5). These include complexes of gold, ruthenium, tungsten, and platinum. Chapter Three describes the synthesis and characterisation of a variety of novel complexed phosphinoporphyrins, including two bis-phosphinoporphyrin complexes. This was achieved by utilising Wittig chemistry of TPP phosphonium salt (1) with the appropriate complexed phosphine-aldehyde. In each case, optimisation of the Wittig conditions was required in order to obtain the sterically and thermodynamically favoured trans isomer. Chapter Four extends the phosphinoporphyrin chemistry by investigating the synthesis of a novel phosphinoporphyrin trimer. In order to achieve this, a phosphine tris-aldehyde was synthesised. This chapter focuses on the synthesis and characterisation of tris(4-formylphenyl)phosphine oxide (20). The results of the Wittig reaction of (20) with TPP phosphonium salt (1) are also described. Chapter Five demonstrates the versatility of both the Wittig and phosphine chemistry. In this chapter, the synthesis of phosphinoferrocenes via Wittig chemistry is investigated. The ferrocene and phosphine moieties are linked via the vinyl group, in a similar manner as the phosphinoporphyrins. In this case, functionalisation occurs at the para position of a phenyl group of the phosphine to the cyclopentadienyl ring of the ferrocene. A phosphinoferrocene monomer, (24), was synthesised by Wittig reaction of a ferrocene phosphonium salt (22) with (5). Both the synthesis and characterisation of this compound is reported. Also described is the attempted synthesis of a phosphinotrisferrocene via Wittig reaction of (22) with (20). Chapter Six contains a brief summary of the results obtained during this study, and also mentions future research to be pursued in this field of study.
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    Bipyridine-porphyrin conjugates : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masterate of Science in Chemistry at Massey University
    (Massey University, 1998) Allwood, Jacinda Louise
    The research carried out for this thesis comprises an investigation into the synthesis of bipyridyl-bridged porphyrin compounds and their metal complexes. Chapter One introduces the bipyridine ligand and summarises research carried out on the functionalisation of 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy). A proposal for a novel study involving the connection of porphyrin functionalities to bpy via vinylic linking groups is discussed, and the Wittig methodology proposed to achieve this is described. Chapter Two outlines the synthesis of the 4,4'-diformyl-2,2'-bipyridine ligand necessary for the Wittig reaction to form the primary target compound, a bipyridyl-bridged bisporphyrinyl ligand. Synthesis of the bipyridine dialdehyde ligand had previously been reported via a four step procedure from 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine in reasonable yield, a result which was unable to be reproduced. The methodology involved an oxidation of the dimethyl bipyridine to the corresponding dicarboxylic acid, esterification to the dimethylester, reduction to form the dialcohol, followed by an oxidation to the desired dialdehyde ligand. All attempts at this procedure, using various reagents for the final oxidation step, were either unsuccessful or resulted in very low yields of product. Thus an alternative single step SeO2 oxidation of 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine to form the target dialdehyde was explored. Optimisation of this procedure gave an efficient one step synthesis of 4,4'-diformyl-2,2'-bipyridine, 4. Chapter Three discusses the synthesis of the porphyrin phosphonium salt, the second precursor required for this work. Tetra-meso-substituted porphyrin moieties were used so that the phosphonium salt appendage would be connected through one of the pyrrolic carbon atoms. A meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP) phosphonium salt 5, had been synthesised in these laboratories, thus the synthetic methodology previously developed was repeated to make this Wittig precursor. The synthesis of a second, more soluble meso-tetraxylylporphyrin (TXP) phosphonium salt, 13, was also developed (an eight step synthesis from mesitylene and pyrrole) and optimised so as to improve the solubility of the resulting bpy compounds. Application of the Wittig reaction using dialdehyde 4, and the TPP phosphonium salt 13, is discussed in Chapter Four. Both the monomeric 4-(trans-2"-vinyl-TPPyl)-4'-formyl-2,2'- bipyridine, 14, and the dimeric 4,4'-(trans-2"-vinyl-TPPyl)-2,2'-bipyridine, 15, bipyridineporphyrin conjugates were successfully synthesised. The bipyridine ligand is connected to the porphyrin through a vinylic linking group to one of the pyrrolic positions (2-position) of the porphyrin ring. Bisporphyrinyl ligand 15, as expected, proved to be insoluble in organic solvents. Before continuing with the more soluble TXP phosphonium salt 13, some test metallation reactions were performed using the soluble monomeric porphyrinyl bipyridine ligand 14. Zinc was inserted into the porphyrin ring to form 4-[(trans-2"-vinyl- TPPato)zinc(II)]-4'-formyl-2,2'-bipyridine, 16. Coordination of rhenium to the bipyridyl moiety of the monomeric porphyrin ligand, formed the complex l,1'-Re(CO)3 Cl[4,4'-(trans-2"-vinyl-TPPyl)-4'-formyl-2,2'-bipyridine], 17. A subsequent Wittig reaction was carried out to form the complex l,1'-Re(CO)3 Cl[4,4'-(trans-2"-vinyl-TPPyl)-2,2'-bipyridine], 18. The remainder of Chapter Four reports the methodology developed for an efficient synthesis of the target bipyridyl-bridged dimeric porphyrin ligand 4,4'-(trans-2"-vinyl-TXPyl)-2,2'-bipyridine, 20, using the tetraxylylporphyrin phosphonium salt, TXP-CH2 PPh3 Cl, 13. Ligand 20 was first synthesised in two steps. Connection of one porphyrin ring to 4,4'-diformyl-2,2'-bipyridine 4, formed the monomeric porphyrin ligand, 4-(trans-2"-vinyl-TXPyl)-4'-formyl-2,2'-bipyridine, 19. A second Wittig reaction on this ligand resulted in the target bisporphyrinyl compound. A more efficient one step Wittig reaction was then investigated, resulting in a high yielding single step preparation of bisporphyrinyl bipyridine 20. Coordination of the metal ions Mo, Re, and Ru, to the bipyridyl moiety of the target bipyridyl-bridged tetraxylylporphyrin dimer 20, are described in Chapter Five. A monoporphyrinyl molybdenum-bound bipyridine complex, 1,1'-Mo(CO)4[4-(trans-2"- vinyl-TXPyl)-4'-formyl-2,2'-bipyridine], 22, was synthesised via a Wittig reaction from the bipyridyl molybdenum complex 1,1'-Mo(CO)4[4,4'-diformyl-2,2'-bipyridine], 21. The rhenium-bound bisporphyrinyl complex, 1,1'-Re(CO)3 Cl[4,4'-(trans-2"-vinyl-TXPyl)-2,2'- bipyridine], 23 was synthesised in a single step metallation reaction of the bisporphyrinyl bipyridine 20 with rhenium pentacarbonyl chloride. A bisporphyrinyl ruthenium(II) bipyridine complex l,1'-Ru(CO)2Cl2[4,4'-(trans-2"-vinyl-TXPyl)-2,2'-bipyridine], 25, was synthesised in a one step Wittig reaction from the Ru(II)bpy complex 1,1'- Ru(CO)2Cl2[4,4',-diformyl-2,2'-bipyridine], 24. The synthesis and characterisation of a tetraporphyrinyl ruthenium(II)bisbipyridine complex is also reported. l,1'-RuCl2[bis-4,4'-(trans-2"-vinyl-TXPyl)-2,2'-bipyrldlne], 27, was synthesised via a single step metallation reaction between bisporphyrinyl bipyridine 20 and a RuCl2 (DMSO)4 complex. Chapter Six contains a brief summary of the results obtained throughout this study and future work to be done in this area.