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    How should we manage fatigue in on-call workers? A review of guidance materials and a systematic review of the evidence-base
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2025-02) Bumpstead H; Kovac K; Ferguson SA; Vincent GE; Bachmann A; Signal L; Aisbett B; Thomas MJW; Sprajcer M; Vitiello M
    On-call work is known to contribute to disrupted sleep, fatigue, and an increased risk of incidentor injury. This review aimed to a) identify current on-call management strategies that are suggested or required by regulatory bodies, and b) determine if there is empirical evidence to support these strategies in managing the fatigue of on-call workers. A grey literature search produced 65 relevant guidance materials. A systematic inductive thematic process identified consistent strategies included in these materials: 1) regularity/predictability of shifts, 2) fatigue management policy, 3) prescriptive rule sets, 4) fitness for work assessment, 5) on-the-day control measures, 6) risk assessment, 7) training and education, and 8) call management. Subsequently, a systematic review identified 17 original studies on the effectiveness of fatigue management strategies in on-call workers. Very little research has been done on fatigue management strategies for on-call workers outside of some prescriptive hours of work limitations. These limitations generally reduced fatigue, but often had the unintended consequence of increasing workload, which may inadvertently increase overall risk. Training, education, and call management (e.g., protected naps during on-call periods) also had some supporting evidence. The current gap in evidence emphasises the critical need for research on tailored on-call fatigue management strategies.
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    A non-immersive virtual reality serious game application for flood safety training
    (Elsevier B.V., 2023-08-12) D'Amico A; Bernardini G; Lovreglio R; Quagliarini E
    Various methodologies and technologies have been developed and tested to train communities for natural hazards and investigate human behaviour. The combination of Virtual Reality (VR) and Serious Games (SG) represents a promising solution to expose communities to different hazardous scenarios in a totally safe way and without exposing the testers to any real risks. Previous studies tested VR SG for several different natural hazards and safety training scenarios, but only a few applications have been proposed within the context of flood safety training. Furthermore, comprehensive prototyping works aimed at evaluating VR SG applications in terms of knowledge acquisition, self-efficacy and user experience, are still needed. This work proposes a novel non-immersive VR SG in the context of users' safety in the event of flooding in the urban built environment, pursuing the users' safety training. The proposed application is based on several modules, which can be combined to form different storylines and training objectives. The VR SG capabilities are demonstrated here by firstly considering one significant storyline. Results show a significant increase in self-efficacy and safety knowledge after the VR experience, thus suggesting the possibility to exploit it for increasing users’ awareness and preparedness. Furthermore, results also demonstrate the existence of similarities between real-world behaviours and VR choices by the tested individuals, thus suggesting how an application of this kind could also be used to support the development and validation of flood evacuation simulators.
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    State-of-the-art analysis of the integration of augmented reality with construction technologies to improve construction safety
    (Emerald Publishing, 16/11/2022) Khorrami Shad, H.; Tak Wing Yiu, K.; Lovreglio, Ruggiero; Feng, Zhenan
    Purpose – This paper aims to explore Augmented Reality (AR) applications in construction safety academic literature and propose possible improvements for future scholarly works. The paper explicitly focuses on AR integration with Construction 4.0 technologies as an effective solution to safety concerns in the construction industry. Design/methodology/approach – This study applied a systematic review approach. Three hundred and eighty-seven potentially relevant articles from databases were identified. Once filtering criteria were applied, 29 eligible papers where selected. The inclusion criteria were being directly associated with construction safety, focused on an AR application, and AR interactions associated with the Construction 4.0 technologies. Findings – This study investigated the structure of AR applications in construction safety. To this end, we studied the safety purposes of AR applications in construction safety: pre-event (intelligent operation, training, safety inspection, hazard alerting), during-event (pinpointing hazard), and post-event (safety estimation) applications. Then, the integration of AR with Construction 4.0 technologies was elaborated. The systematic review also revealed that the AR integration has contributed to developing several technical aspects of AR technology: display, tracking, and human-computer interaction. The study results indicate that AR integration with construction is effective in mitigating safety concerns; however, further research studies are required to support this statement. Originality/value – This study contributes to exploring applications and integrations of AR into construction safety in order to facilitate the leverage of this technology. This review can help encourage practitioners and researchers to conduct further academic investigations into AR application in construction safety.
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    Being safe in childbirth : a hermeneutic interpretation of the narratives of women and practitioners : a thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, School of Health Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 1998) Smythe, Elizabeth
    This study uncovers the meaning of 'being safe' related to the experience of childbirth, from the perspectives of practitioners (midwives and doctors), and women. It is informed by the philosophies of Heidegger and Gadamer. Stories and thoughts of the participants are offered to uncover the taken-for-granted nature of the experience of 'being safe' and to expose possible meanings in a new way. The findings of this thesis are that 'being safe' dwells in vulnerability. There are possibilities of unsafely that are beyond human or technological control. There is however a distinctive spirit of practice that promotes safe care. It brings wisdom of learning and experience, alertness to the situation of 'now', and anticipation of problems that might arise. Relationships matter to the provision of safe care. Those that seek mutual understanding and that remain open and dialogical are more likely to anticipate concerns or find problems at their first showing. The setting in which practice is experienced impacts on safety, having the potential to erode or sabotage, to protect or enhance. Any questions asked in hindsight about the meaning of safety need to consider what possibilities, if any, existed for creating safe care, and what other factors influenced the situation to undermine the best intentions of those directly involved. The study concludes by drawing attention to four worldviews which bring conflicting meanings of 'being safe'. The findings of this study show, however, that in the experience of 'being human' there is a common understanding of what it means to be safe in childbirth that reaches beyond the boundaries of worldviews. Where there is a willingness between those involved to find the shared understanding of 'being safe' that overrides the conflicting worldviews, safety is more likely to be achieved. For practitioners, to be safe is a lifetime's struggle. For women, 'being safe' can never be assumed, or taken as a sure promise. 'Being safe' will always be complex, will always be vulnerable, will always be close to danger.
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    Under-reporting in aviation : an investigation of factors that affect reporting of safety concerns : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy in Aviation at Massey University, Manawatu, New Zealand
    (Massey University, 2010) Tani, Kawtar
    A substantial body of evidence suggests that reporting safety concerns and wrongdoing could contribute to improving safety if diligently applied within organisations. A number of aviation accidents suggest that the principles of reporting have not been embraced by the aviation industry; for example, there is evidence that aviation incidents are not always reported even when reporting is mandated by law. This thesis seeks to uncover factors influencing individuals’ intentions to report safety concerns in aviation and to whom such reports might be made. A case study of a New Zealand based example of how under-reporting in aviation may have contributed to the cause of a fatal accident was first presented as evidence of the research problem. Subsequently, four empirical studies of participants working or intending to work in the aviation industry were reported. The empirical findings provided consistent evidence of six factors (seriousness of wrongdoing, direct or indirect involvement in wrongdoing, working environment, legal protection of the reporter, motive of the wrongdoer, and relationship to the wrongdoer) that may influence both individuals’ perceptions of safety issues at the workplace, and their intentions to report wrongdoing. Evidence was also found that when participants do act upon being confronted with wrongdoing situations, they may not do so in a manner that is fully consistent with improving aviation safety. The implications of the empirical findings were discussed and a means of communicating information about what to do when confronted with evidence of wrongdoing in the aviation workplace was proposed. In conclusion, there is confusion in the aviation workplace regarding what matters should be reported to the regulatory authorities and to whom reports should be made. Until such confusion is resolved, the notion that all aviation accidents are preventable is somewhat unrealistic.