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Item Companion Animal Fostering as Health Promotion: A Literature Review.(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2023-06-21) Roseveare C; Breheny M; Mansvelt J; Murray L; Wilkie M; Gates MC; Tchounwou PBThere is growing interest in the health-promoting potential of human-companion animal relationships from a broad public health perspective while acknowledging barriers to ownership, particularly for older adults. Companion animal fostering is an alternative to pet ownership that aligns with the Ottawa Charter health promotion principle that caring for others in everyday settings promotes health. This narrative review of the literature on companion animal fostering draws on Te Whare Tapa Whā (the four-sided house), an indigenous model of health that is influential in Aotearoa/New Zealand, and the Ottawa Charter. We found that companion animal fostering can be considered health-promoting for human and non-human animals, using a broad and multidimensional understanding of health. As well as improving the long-term outcomes for homeless animals, companion animal fostering has the potential to promote the health of the individuals, families, and communities who provide foster homes. Our review highlights the importance of health promoters considering the reciprocal relationship between human and animal health. Future research should explore different aspects of human and non-human health, perspectives of different types of fosterers in different settings and communities, barriers to fostering, and methods that explore the role of caring for a wider range of companion animals in creating and sustaining wellbeing.Item Editorial: Spotlight on aging: physiology, prevention, and management of skeletal muscle atrophy.(Frontiers Media S.A., 2023-12-05) Marzuca-Nassr GN; Peñailillo L; Valladares-Ide D; Martinez-Huenchullan S; Curi R; Hirabara SM; Vitzel KF; D'Antona GItem Developmentally controlled changes during Arabidopsis leaf development indicate causes for loss of stress tolerance with age(Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology, 2020-10-22) Kanojia A; Gupta S; Benina M; Fernie AR; Mueller-Roeber B; Gechev T; Dijkwel PP; Foyer CLeaf senescence is the final stage of leaf development and is induced by the gradual occurrence of age-related changes (ARCs). The process of leaf senescence has been well described, but the cellular events leading to this process are still poorly understood. By analysis of progressively ageing, but not yet senescing, Arabidopsis thaliana rosette leaves, we aimed to better understand processes occurring prior to the onset of senescence. Using gene expression analysis, we found that as leaves mature, genes responding to oxidative stress and genes involved in stress hormone biosynthesis and signalling were up-regulated. A decrease in primary metabolites that provide protection against oxidative stress was a possible explanation for the increased stress signature. The gene expression and metabolomics changes occurred concomitantly to a decrease in drought, salinity, and dark stress tolerance of individual leaves. Importantly, stress-related genes showed elevated expression in the early ageing mutant old5 and decreased expression in the delayed ageing mutant ore9. We propose that the decreased stress tolerance with age results from the occurrence of senescence-inducing ARCs that is integrated into the leaf developmental programme, and that this ensures a timely and certain death.Item Sleep health in later life: Interviews exploring experiences, attitudes and behaviours of older people(Cambridge University Press, 21/04/2022) Crestani F; Williams G; Breheny M; Tupara H; Cunningham C; Gander P; Gibson RSleep is vital for health and wellbeing across the lifecourse. Ethnic differences have been observed with regards to the prevalence and predictors of self-reported sleep problems. An understanding of sleep experiences with ageing and across ethnicities is required to better support older people. Open-ended interviews were conducted with 23 people living in Aotearoa/New Zealand aged 61-92 years (12 MAori and 11 non-MAori) concerning current sleep status, changes over their lifecourse and personal strategies for supporting good sleep. Participants typically expressed satisfaction with current sleep (usually pertaining to duration) or feelings that sleep was compromised (usually pertaining to waking function). Comparisons to a socially perceived 'ideal' sleep were common, with sleep transitions presented as a gradual and accepted part of ageing. Participants resisted medicalising sleep disruptions in older age. While participants were aware of ways to enhance their sleep, many acknowledged engaging in practices that undermined it. Unique insights from some MA ori participants indicated that sleep disruptions were not so readily pathologised compared to Western views and that sleeplessness could provide opportunity for cultural or spiritual connection. Common narratives underpinning the themes were: 'You don't need as much sleep when you're older', 'Sleep just fits in' and 'Having the time of my life'. Findings provide personal experiences and cultural interpretations relating to sleep and ageing. This provides the foundation for future participatory research to co-design sleep health messages which are meaningful for ageing well across ethnicities.Item Evaluation of the effects of acute caffeine supplementation on selected cognitive domains in older women : a thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand(Massey University, 2022) Khindria, NeelamCaffeine is the most frequently consumed psychoactive substance globally and has been shown to enhance various aspects of cognition, particularly in younger adults. Previous research has demonstrated that acute intake of low to moderate doses of caffeine (e.g., 100 mg to 300 mg) significantly improves lower-order cognitive functions such as processing speed and attention in younger adults. The impact of caffeine on higher-order cognitive domains such as memory and executive function remains unclear. Since older women experience age- and hormonal-related changes that may negatively affect cognition, this age group may be more likely to experience greater functional improvements in cognitive performance following caffeine supplementation compared to younger adults. This pilot study aims to evaluate the effect of acute caffeine supplementation on selected cognitive domains including processing speed, sustained attention, memory, and executive function, in post-menopausal women, aged 55 to 79 years. Twelve female participants (mean age ± SD = 63.75 ± 6.81 years) took part in a randomised placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover study. Participants were asked to abstain from caffeine for 24 hours before each of three repeated cognitive testing sessions (separated by two-week intervals): baseline, 45 minutes post-ingestion of 100 mg caffeine, and 45 minutes post-ingestion placebo. Repeated measures ANOVA (treatment × time) indicated that 100 mg of caffeine supplementation significantly improved movement time (p = 0.04) in a five-choice reaction time (RTI) task, compared to placebo. There was a significant improvement over time for Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVP) sensitivity score (p = 0.04) and correct responses (p = 0.02), and Spatial Working Memory strategy score (p = 0.03). However, post-hoc analysis indicated no significant differences between caffeine and placebo supplementation. The key finding of the current study is 100 mg of caffeine supplementation significantly enhanced processing speed in older post-menopausal women but did not improve other cognitive processes including attention, memory, and executive function. In line with other research, caffeine supplementation may only affect performance on simpler tests requiring lower-order cognitive functions. This pilot study contributes to the growing body of research on caffeine and cognition, through a unique examination of older healthy women across a range of cognitive functions. However, further studies are necessary on a larger population scale and perhaps, utilising different doses of caffeine, to corroborate these findings.Item Determining the relative validity and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess nutrient intake in older adults living in New Zealand : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Nutrition and Dietetics at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand(Massey University, 2019) Yu, Angela DawnBackground: New Zealand’s population is ageing. Dietary intakes in older adults and physiological changes through ageing are important predictors of health and disease outcomes. However, it is challenging to capture the typical diet of older adults. Among different types of dietary assessment tools, a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) is easy to administer and causes less burden to participants. To the best of our knowledge, the latest FFQ validation study in older adults was undertaken nearly 30 years ago. A valid and reproducible FFQ to measure multiple nutrients intake in older New Zealanders is warranted. Aim: This study aims to assess the validity and reproducibility of an FFQ designed to measure a range of relative nutrient intakes in older adults aged 65 to 74 years in New Zealand. Methods: As part of the Researching Eating, Activity and Cognitive Health (REACH) study, a convenience sample of community-dwelling older adults 65 to 74 years were recruited for a cross-sectional observational study. Participants (n = 166) who completed a 109-item FFQ to assess dietary intakes over the past month and a four-day food record (4DFR) were included in the validity analysis; participants (n = 319) who completed the FFQ and re-administered FFQ four weeks later were included in the reproducibility analysis. Energy intake was adjusted for nutrients in the statistical methods. Relative validity and reproducibility of the FFQ were assessed using paired t-tests, Pearson’ or Spearman’s correlation coefficients, cross-classification with weighted kappa statistics, Bland-Altman plots, and linear regression analysis for energy and 28 nutrients. Results: Energy adjustment caused moderate improvements on both validity and reproducibility. The validity correlations for energy adjusted nutrient intakes ranged from 0.05 (selenium) to 0.76 (alcohol), with a mean of 0.35. Validity correlations above 0.40 were observed for 12 nutrients after energy adjustment, including carbohydrate, sugar, dietary fibre, total fat, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, cholesterol, vitamin E, calcium, and magnesium. At least 50% of participants were correctly classified into the same tertiles for nine nutrients. Less than 10% of participants were grossly misclassified into the opposite tertiles for seven nutrients. Weighted kappa values for validity demonstrated fair agreement (ĸ 0.21-0.40) for 19 nutrients and good agreement (ĸ >0.61) for alcohol intake. Reproducibility correlations for energy adjusted nutrients ranged from 0.30 (vitamin A) to 0.91 (alcohol), with most nutrients (n = 25) falling between 0.60 and 0.80. For reproducibility, the mean correct classification was 60%, ranged between 53 and 78%. Gross misclassification for energy adjusted nutrients ranged from 0.6 to 7.8%. Weighted kappa values for reproducibility demonstrated moderate agreements (ĸ 0.41-0.60) for 25 energy adjusted nutrients and good agreement (ĸ >0.61) for alcohol. Conclusion: The FFQ showed reasonable relative validity for ranking nutrient intakes in older New Zealanders 65-74 years old. The FFQ appears to have good reproducibility for assessing energy and nutrient intakes. The FFQ could be used in future research for relative nutrient assessments in older adults but is not suitable for measuring absolute nutrient intakes.Item Ageing Is Associated with Decreases in Appetite and Energy Intake--A Meta-Analysis in Healthy Adults.(7/01/2016) Giezenaar C; Chapman I; Luscombe-Marsh N; Feinle-Bisset C; Horowitz M; Soenen SIt is not well recognized that in the elderly weight loss is more common than weight gain. The aim of this analysis was to determine the effect of ageing on appetite (hunger/fullness) and energy intake, after overnight fasting and in a postprandial state, by meta-analyses of trials that included at least two age groups (>18 years). We hypothesized that appetite and energy intake would be less in healthy older compared with younger adults. Following a PubMed-database systematic search up to 30 June 2015, 59 studies were included in the random-effects-model meta-analyses. Energy intake was 16%-20% lower in older (n = 3574/~70 years/~71 kg/~25 kg/m²) than younger (n = 4111/~26 years/~69 kg/~23 kg/m²) adults (standardized mean difference: -0.77 (95% confidence interval -0.90 to -0.64)). Hunger was 25% (after overnight fasting; weighted mean difference (WMD): -17 (-22 to -13) mm) to 39% (in a postprandial state; WMD: -14 (-19 to -9) mm) lower, and fullness 37% (after overnight fasting; WMD: 6 mm (95% CI: 1 to 11 mm)) greater in older than younger adults. In conclusion, appetite and energy intake are less in healthy older than younger adults, suggesting that ageing per se affects food intake.Item Dose-Dependent Effects of Randomized Intraduodenal Whey-Protein Loads on Glucose, Gut Hormone, and Amino Acid Concentrations in Healthy Older and Younger Men(MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 12/01/2018) Giezenaar C; Luscombe-Marsh ND; Hutchison AT; Standfield S; Feinle-Bisset C; Horowitz M; Chapman I; Soenen SProtein-rich supplements are used widely for the prevention and management of malnutrition in older people. We have reported that healthy older, compared to younger, adults have less suppression of energy intake by whey-protein-effects on appetite-related hormones are unknown. The objective was to determine the effects of intraduodenally administered whey-protein on glucose, gut hormone, and amino acid concentrations, and their relation to subsequent ad libitum energy intake at a buffet meal, in healthy older and younger men. Hydrolyzed whey-protein (30 kcal, 90 kcal, and 180 kcal) and a saline control (~0 kcal) were infused intraduodenally for 60 min in 10 younger (19-29 years, 73 ± 2 kg, 22 ± 1 kg/m²) and 10 older (68-81 years, 79 ± 2 kg, 26 ± 1 kg/m²) healthy men in a randomized, double-blind fashion. Plasma insulin, glucagon, gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), and amino acid concentrations, but not blood glucose, increased, while ghrelin decreased during the whey-protein infusions. Plasma GIP concentrations were greater in older than younger men. Energy intake correlated positively with plasma ghrelin and negatively with insulin, glucagon, GIP, GLP-1, PYY, and amino acids concentrations (p < 0.05). In conclusion, intraduodenal whey-protein infusions resulted in increased GIP and comparable ghrelin, insulin, glucagon, GIP, GLP-1, PYY, and amino acid responses in healthy older and younger men, which correlated to subsequent energy intake.