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    Developing a BIM Single Source of Truth Prototype Using Blockchain Technology
    (MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2022-12-30) Hijazi AA; Perera S; Alashwal AM; Calheiros RN; Shafique M
    Blockchain technology has been proposed as a potential solution for coordinating information and trust to aid the development of a single source of the truth data model, going beyond peer-to-peer cash transactions. It is, therefore, argued that the construction supply chain (CSC) will resolve issues related to the lack of reliable platforms for construction and asset management operations once blockchain technology and Building Information Modelling (BIM) are integrated. Though there is no longer any debate about the importance of integrating blockchain technology with BIM, there is still a lack of academic literature on its proof of concept. This study aims to create a thorough proof of concept for integrating blockchain technology and BIM for supply chain data delivery. It demonstrated a step-by-step methodology starting from understanding the current business scenario and proposing logical system architecture, followed by selecting a blockchain platform, designing system architecture related to technologies, prototyping, and evaluating through a virtual business scenario. The software prototype presented in this paper helps establish the technological viability of a single source of the truth data model for integrating blockchain technology and BIM. The supply chain data delivery for handover was considered in this software prototype. However, the process used to create this software prototype can be replicated in future work on blockchain technology-based built environment applications or digital transformation in the built environment research.
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    Blockchain and information integration: Applications in New Zealand’s prefabrication supply chain
    (MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2021-12-03) Bakhtiarizadeh E; Shahzad WM; Poshdar M; Khalfan M; Rotimi JOB; Banaitis A
    New Zealand’s rising demand for new and affordable homes is driving innovative and effective methods for project delivery. Prefabrication or off-site construction is considered an innovative approach to project delivery that eliminates the limitations of traditional construction methods. However, the prefabrication industry struggles with several challenges, including poor coordination and low supply chain integration amongst its partner organisations. There has been previous literature on improving the prefabrication supply chain integration, but few studies about the role of technology in this sector. Therefore, this article provides intuitions into the applicability and benefits of advanced technologies, namely blockchain, for improving supply chain integration in the context of prefabrication in New Zealand. A questionnaire survey was used to identify the channels used for information exchange between clients and contractors. Moreover, the questionnaire ascertained the positive effects of blockchain on enhancing supply chain integration between the two partners. Blockchain has proven to be a secure information integration instrument that can improve the integration of the prefabrication supply chain by fostering collaboration between organisations.
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    Artificial Intelligence-Enabled DDoS Detection for Blockchain-Based Smart Transport Systems.
    (MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2021-12-22) Liu T; Sabrina F; Jang-Jaccard J; Xu W; Wei Y
    A smart public transport system is expected to be an integral part of our human lives to improve our mobility and reduce the effect of our carbon footprint. The safety and ongoing maintenance of the smart public transport system from cyberattacks are vitally important. To provide more comprehensive protection against potential cyberattacks, we propose a novel approach that combines blockchain technology and a deep learning method that can better protect the smart public transport system. By the creation of signed and verified blockchain blocks and chaining of hashed blocks, the blockchain in our proposal can withstand unauthorized integrity attack that tries to forge sensitive transport maintenance data and transactions associated with it. A hybrid deep learning-based method, which combines autoencoder (AE) and multi-layer perceptron (MLP), in our proposal can effectively detect distributed denial of service (DDoS) attempts that can halt or block the urgent and critical exchange of transport maintenance data across the stakeholders. The experimental results of the hybrid deep learning evaluated on three different datasets (i.e., CICDDoS2019, CIC-IDS2017, and BoT-IoT) show that our deep learning model is effective to detect a wide range of DDoS attacks achieving more than 95% F1-score across all three datasets in average. The comparison of our approach with other similar methods confirms that our approach covers a more comprehensive range of security properties for the smart public transport system.
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    Entitlement-Based Access Control for Smart Cities Using Blockchain
    (MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2021-08-04) Sabrina F; Jang-Jaccard J; Dai H-N; Wu J; Wang H
    Smart cities use the Internet of Things (IoT) devices such as connected sensors, lights, and meters to collect and analyze data to improve infrastructure, public utilities, and services. However, the true potential of smart cities cannot be leveraged without addressing many security concerns. In particular, there is a significant challenge for provisioning a reliable access control solution to share IoT data among various users across organizations. We present a novel entitlement-based blockchain-enabled access control architecture that can be used for smart cities (and for any ap-plication domains that require large-scale IoT deployments). Our proposed entitlement-based access control model is flexible as it facilitates a resource owner to safely delegate access rights to any entities beyond the trust boundary of an organization. The detailed design and implementation on Ethereum blockchain along with a qualitative evaluation of the security and access control aspects of the proposed scheme are presented in the paper. The experimental results from private Ethereum test networks demonstrate that our proposal can be easily implemented with low latency. This validates that our proposal is applicable to use in the real world IoT environments.
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    Blockchain and 6G-Enabled IoT
    (MDPI (Basel, Switzerland), 2022-12) Pajooh HH; Demidenko S; Aslam S; Harris M; Pegoraro PA; Ghiani E
    Ubiquitous computing turns into a reality with the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT) adopted to connect massive numbers of smart and autonomous devices for various applications. 6G-enabled IoT technology provides a platform for information collection and processing at high speed and with low latency. However, there are still issues that need to be addressed in an extended connectivity environment, particularly the security and privacy domain challenges. In addition, the traditional centralized architecture is often unable to address problems associated with access control management, interoperability of different devices, the possible existence of a single point of failure, and extensive computational overhead. Considering the evolution of decentralized access control mechanisms, it is necessary to provide robust security and privacy in various IoT-enabled industrial applications. The emergence of blockchain technology has changed the way information is shared. Blockchain can establish trust in a secure and distributed platform while eliminating the need for third-party authorities. We believe the coalition of 6G-enabled IoT and blockchain can potentially address many problems. This paper is dedicated to discussing the advantages, challenges, and future research directions of integrating 6G-enabled IoT and blockchain technology for various applications such as smart homes, smart cities, healthcare, supply chain, vehicle automation, etc.